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作者简介:

王桔红(1963—),博士,教授,研究方向为入侵生物学,(E-mail)wjuh1918@163.com。

中图分类号:Q945.32

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2024)08-1469-12

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202304073

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目录contents

    摘要

    资源分配与养分策略是外来植物入侵性的重要体现。为探究入侵植物的资源分配格局、吸收利用策略以及与入侵性的关系,该研究以2种菊科入侵植物假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)和金腰箭(Synedrella nodiflora)为研究对象,测定了不同入侵程度的植物构件生物量以及各器官碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)含量,分析了植物各器官N、P分配格局和化学计量特征及其与土壤营养元素的关系。结果表明:(1) 随假臭草入侵程度的加重,土壤速效氮(AN)含量显著降低;随金腰箭入侵程度的加重,土壤N、P、AN含量显著降低;假臭草入侵生境土壤N含量(0.696~2.701 g·kg-1)显著大于金腰箭入侵生境(0.189~0.337 g·kg-1),土壤C、P、AN、速效磷(AP)含量小于金腰箭入侵生境。(2) 3种入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭N分配为叶>茎>根;P较多地分配至茎(假臭草)、茎和叶(金腰箭);轻度入侵的假臭草(根、茎)和金腰箭(叶)较重度入侵有低的C∶P值和N∶P值,2种植物入侵初期有较快的相对生长速率;2种植物N∶P值均为叶>根、茎,其根和茎具有较快的生长能力。(3) 3种入侵程度的假臭草根、茎N∶P值,根、茎C∶P值均小于金腰箭,金腰箭叶N∶P值、C∶P值均显著小于假臭草,即假臭草根、茎具有较快的相对生长速率并增大入侵性,金腰箭则整体具有更快的相对生长速率,其入侵潜力更强。(4) 假臭草和金腰箭各器官N、P分配及相对生长速率分别受土壤AN、AP含量和土壤N、P含量的影响,其相对生长速率分别随土壤AN、AP、N、P含量的增加而增大。该研究结果对深入了解外来植物对资源分配和利用策略以及入侵潜力的预测具有指导意义。

    Abstract

    Alien invasive plants are commonly stated to pose a threat to populations of native plants, especially of endangered species. Resource allocation and nutrient strategies are important mechanism of invasion for alien plants. In order to investigate the distribution pattern, uptake and utilization strategies of invasive plants and their invasive, the carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) and biomass of the modules of invasive plants Praxelis clematidea and Synedrella nodiflora at different invasive degrees from eastern Guangdong were measured, and further the stoichiometric characteristics, allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus and relationship with soil factors were measured. The results were as follows: (1) Available nitrogen (AN) content in soil declined with increasing of invasive degree for Praxelis clematidea, and the N, P, AN contents in soil declined with increasing of the invasive degree for Synedrella nodiflora. The content of N (0.696-2.701 g·kg-1) in soil of invasive habitat for Praxelis clematidea was greater than that for Synedrella nodiflora (0.189-0.337 g·kg-1), and the mean contents of C, P, available nitrogen (AN), and available phosphorus (AP) for Praxelis clematidea were less than those for Synedrella nodiflora. (2) For two plants with different invasive degrees, the N distribution for leaves was more than that for stems, and than roots. The P for Praxelis clematidea was distributed more to the stems, and for Synedrella nodiflora to the stems and leaves. The roots and stems of Praxelis clematidea, and leaves of Synedrella nodiflora with mild invasion had low C∶P and N∶P values than severe invasive degree, indicating two plants with mild invasion may have fast relative growth rate, and strong expansion potential. The N∶P values in leaves for two plants were greater than those in roots and stems, implicating that roots and stems may have fast relative growth rate to increase the competitiveness of underground and above-ground. (3) The C∶P and N∶P values in roots and stems of Praxelis clematidea at different invasive degrees were less than those of Synedrella nodiflora, while the C∶P and N∶P values in leaves of Synedrella nodiflora were less than that of Praxelis clematidea, showing that although the roots and stems of Praxelis clematidea may have faster relative growth rate, Synedrella nodiflora had faster relative growth rate and stronger invasion potential than Praxelis clematidea. (4) The allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and relative growth rate of alien plant Praxelis clematidea were mainly affected by AN, AP contents in soil, that relative growth rate of organs increased with increasing of AN, AP contents in soil. The allocation of nitrogen and phosphorus, and relative growth rate of alien plant Synedrella nodiflora were mainly affected by N, P contents in soil, that relative growth rate of organs increased with increasing of N, P contents in soil. In conclusion, the roots and stems of two Asteraceae alien species have fast relative growth rate, and further to increase the competitiveness of underground and above-ground, but their possible effect on N∶P stoichiometry requires further study. The results of this study have guiding significance for further understanding of resource allocation and utilization strategies and prediction of invasive potential of alien plants.

  • 生物入侵严重威胁着入侵地生物多样性和生态系统功能,造成经济损失或生态灾难,成为当今重大的环境问题。外来种在新生境的定植和扩张能力不仅依赖于生物体自身的繁殖能力(郝建华等,2009;陈文等,2015)、化感作用(吴锦容和彭少麟,2005;李富荣等,2011)以及对环境的适应性(耿宇鹏等,2004;陆霞梅等,2007; 刘建等,2010;王桔红和陈文,2014),也取决于环境中可利用的资源水平和植物体对资源的利用率(Funk &Vitousek,2007;González et al.,2010)。氮(N)和磷(P)是植物生长发育过程的关键元素,在蛋白质、核酸合成以及能量传递等代谢过程中起着至关重要的作用。在不同的生境条件下,植物体可适当调节器官内的功能物质以满足生长发育和繁殖等生理需求(Vitousek et al.,2010)。入侵植物对 N、P 吸收分配格局和利用效率以及对土壤 N、P养分的影响是外来植物入侵性的重要体现(González et al.,2010)。已有研究发现,入侵植物如紫茎泽兰(Ageratina adenophora)和飞机草(Chromolaena odorata)对N、P有较强的吸收和富集能力(胡朝臣等,2016);红毛草(Melinis repens)和微甘菊(Mikania micrantha)通过根和茎的快速生长战胜本土种(陈文等,2020;王桔红等,2020)。外来种对 N、P 吸收分配格局以及化学计量特征成为外来植物入侵机制的重要证据(González et al.,2010; Kurokawa et al.,2010; 贺金生和韩兴国,2010; Lannes et al.,2012)。

  • 我国是一个生态系统高度多样化的国家,也是植物入侵较严重的国家之一。据记载,我国入侵植物(515种)中的53.4%分布在东南部亚热带地区(闫小玲等,2014),其中菊科(Asteraceae)、豆科(Fabaceae)和禾本科(Poaceae)分别占入侵植物种类的18.2%、12.7%和9.1%,构成了我国入侵植物的三大科(马金双,2013)。

  • 假臭草(Praxelis clematidea)是菊科泽兰属一年生草本植物,原产于南美洲,现广布于东半球热带地区,在我国主要分布于广东、福建、澳门、香港、台湾、海南等地(王真辉等,2006)。它生长速度快、吸肥能力强、有性繁殖能力强且对环境条件要求不高,常在向阳的荒坡、路旁、幼龄果园和农地等地形成单优群落,迅速占领栖息地,排斥土著物种(游泳等,2012),严重影响农作物生长并危害当地生物多样性与环境安全,是我国一级入侵植物(马金双,2013)。金腰箭(Synedrella nodiflora)为菊科金腰箭属一年生直立草本,原产于南美洲,归化于热带亚热带地区,常生于疏林下、耕地或旷野,种子发生量大、萌发率高(陈文,2016),与本地植物竞争空间、营养和水分,威胁着当地物种多样性,为我国二级入侵植物(马金双,2013)。已有学者从生物学特性(王真辉等,2006;钟军弟等,2014)、化感作用(李光义等,2012)、入侵对微生物群落的影响(全国明等,2016)以及光合特性(吴双桃和朱慧,2012)等方面对假臭草的入侵性进行了研究,然而,从生态化学计量学角度对假臭草和金腰箭入侵性的相关研究鲜见报道,其生长和营养策略以及入侵机制不清,严重制约着外来入侵植物的防控管理以及物种多样性保护工作的开展。

  • 本研究以入侵植物分布较多的粤东地区为研究地,通过测定不同入侵程度2种菊科植物假臭草和金腰箭各器官碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)元素含量和构件生物量,拟探讨:(1)不同入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭各器官N、P分配格局是否有差异;(2)假臭草和金腰箭C、N、P化学计量特征及其生长和营养策略;(3)不同入侵程度的2种植物各器官化学计量特征与土壤营养元素的关系。以期从生态化学计量学角度揭示植物入侵过程中对资源的吸收利用策略、分配格局以及入侵性。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 研究地概况

  • 研究地位于粤东地区(114°54′—117°10′ E、22°37′—24°91′ N),该地域属于亚热带海洋性季风气候,日照充足、气候温暖、降雨充沛,年均降雨量1 685.8 mm,年均气温21.4℃,极端最高气温39.6℃,极端最低气温-0.5℃。该研究地自然条件优越,成为众多外来种的入侵地(冯慧玲等,2002)。常见的菊科入侵植物有微甘菊、南美蟛蜞菊(Sphagneticola trilobata)、鬼针草(Bidens pilosa)、假臭草、金腰箭、飞机草、小蓬草(Erigeron canadensis)、藿香蓟(Ageratum conyzoides)等。

  • 1.2 研究方法

  • 1.2.1 样品采集和处理

  • 在潮州市郊区东北方向20~30 km处,选择假臭草为优势种的3块杂草地为假臭草研究样地(116°40′ E、23°38′ N),每个样地10~50 m2;选择金腰箭为优势种的另外3块杂草地为金腰箭研究样地(116°40′ E、23°35′ N),每个样地10~20 m2。基于所研究植物地上部分垂直投影所覆盖面积占调查样地的百分比,从每个样地中选取单种盖度<20%、20%~60%、>60%的区域分别作为假臭草和金腰箭轻度入侵(Ⅰ)地、中度入侵(Ⅱ)地和重度入侵(Ⅲ)地。2种植物入侵生境的光照强度和植被状况见表1。按等距取样法在各样地中随机选取5个1 m × 2 m的样方,每个样方中选取没有病虫害、植株较完整、生长相对一致的植株10~20株,完整挖出。同时,清除每个样方表面的枯枝落叶及浮土后,按S型取样法在植物根部周围采集0~10 cm的土壤,将每个样方中相同土层的土壤混合均匀,装袋标记。

  • 采集的植物全株用清水冲洗干净,将根、茎、叶剪下,分别包裹后105℃杀青30 min,75℃烘干至恒重;用电子天平分别称量干重(精确度为0.000 1 g),得到各构件生物量。将根、茎、叶粉碎后置于密封袋中干燥保存;将采集的土壤去除石块、土壤动物及植物根系后,自然风干,过100目筛后,装于铝盒中干燥保存。

  • 1.2.2 测定指标

  • 以重铬酸钾-外加热容量法测定植物根、茎、叶及土壤的有机碳(C),采用凯氏定氮法测定样品氮(N),以钼锑抗比色法测定样品磷(P)及土壤速效磷(available phosphorus,AP),以碱解-扩散法测定土壤速效氮(available nitrogen,AN)(鲍士旦,2000)。计算公式如下:

  • 表1 调查样地信息

  • Table1 Information of investigate in sample plots

  • 注: . 轻度入侵; . 中度入侵; . 重度入侵。下同。

  • Note: . Mild invasion; . Moderate invasion; . Severe invasion. The same below.

  • 各器官N、P积累量(mg·plant-1) = 各器官N、P含量×相应构件生物量;

  • 各器官N、P分配比(%)=(各器官N、P积累量/植物总N、P积累量)×100(张浩玮等,2018)。

  • 1.3 数据统计

  • 采用Excel软件对数据进行整理,以SPSS 21.0统计软件对数据进行统计分析,以单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)对不同入侵程度植物各器官碳氮磷含量、元素比、元素分配比及化学计量特征进行组间差异性分析,以最小显著性差异法(least significant difference,LSD)进行多重比较,检验显著水平为0.05。以土壤环境因子为解释变量,以植物各器官N、P分配比和化学计量比为响应变量,采用Canoco 5.0 软件进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA),通过排序和制图探查2种外来植物各器官N、P分配比及其生态化学计量特征与土壤因子的关系。RDA中各解释变量和响应变量数值为3种入侵程度各数据的平均值。图中2个射线的夹角表示二者相关性的强弱,夹角介于 0°~90°时,表示二者呈正相关;当夹角介于 90°~180°时,表示二者呈负相关;当夹角角度等于90°时,表示二者无显著相关;数量型因子箭头的长短代表影响程度或解释量的大小(丁佳等,2011)。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 入侵生境土壤营养水平

  • 由表2可知,假臭草入侵生境土壤C含量为重度入侵>轻度入侵>中度入侵(P<0.01),土壤N含量为中度入侵>重度、轻度入侵(P<0.01),土壤P含量为重度、轻度入侵>中度入侵(P<0.01);土壤AN含量为轻度入侵>重度、中度入侵(P<0.01),AP含量为重度入侵>中度、轻度入侵(P<0.01)。金腰箭入侵生境土壤的N、P含量均为轻度、中度入侵>重度入侵(P<0.05),其他各元素含量在不同程度入侵之间差异较小(P>0.05)。假臭草入侵生境土壤N含量(0.696~2.701 g·kg-1)显著大于金腰箭入侵生境(0.189~0.337 g·kg-1),土壤C、P、AN、AP的平均含量小于金腰箭入侵生境。

  • 表2 2种植物入侵生境土壤营养元素含量

  • Table2 Element content in soil for two invasive plants

  • 注:同列不同字母表示不同入侵程度之间元素含量的差异性显著(P<0.05)。数据为平均值±标准差,下同。

  • Note: Different letters in the same column represent significant differences (P<0.05) . All data are x-±s, the same below.

  • 2.2 假臭草和金腰箭N、P含量及分配格局

  • 2.2.1 假臭草和金腰箭N、P含量

  • 由表3可知,假臭草茎、叶N含量为轻度>中度、重度入侵(P<0.01),根P含量为轻度>中度、重度入侵(P<0.05),其他器官元素含量在不同入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05)。假臭草各器官N含量为叶>根、茎(P<0.01),P含量为根、茎>叶(P<0.01)。金腰箭各器官P含量为轻度、中度入侵>重度入侵(P<0.01),N含量在不同入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05);3种入侵程度的金腰箭N含量为叶>根>茎(P<0.01);P含量为叶>根、茎(P<0.01)。2种植物相比较,假臭草茎N含量(8.404 g·kg-1)、茎P含量(2.339 g·kg-1)和根P含量(2.741 g·kg-1)分别大于金腰箭的茎N含量(4.533 g·kg-1)、茎P含量(1.053 g·kg-1)和根P含量(1.174 g·kg-1),假臭草叶P含量(0.561 g·kg-1)低于金腰箭叶P含量(1.624 g·kg-1)。

  • 2.2.2 假臭草和金腰箭各器官N、P分配

  • 由图1:A,B可知,3种入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭N分配为叶>茎>根(P<0.01);假臭草根N分配为重度、中度入侵>轻度入侵(P<0.05),金腰箭各器官N分配在3种入侵程度之间无显著差异(P>0.05)。由图1:C,D可知,假臭草P分配为茎>根>叶(P<0.01),叶P分配为轻度入侵>中度、重度入侵(P<0.01);金腰箭P分配为茎、叶>根(P<0.01),3种入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05)。

  • 2.3 假臭草和金腰箭各器官C、N、P化学计量比

  • 假臭草茎C∶N值为中度、重度入侵大于轻度入侵(P<0.01),根、叶C∶N值在不同入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05);轻度入侵的假臭草C∶N值为根>茎>叶(P<0.01),中度、重度入侵的假臭草C∶N值为茎>根>叶(P<0.01)(图2:A)。根、茎C∶P值均为重度入侵>中度、轻度入侵(P<0.05),叶C∶P值在不同入侵程度之间无显著差异(P>0.05);3种入侵程度假臭草各器官C∶P值均为叶>根、茎(P<0.01)(图2:C)。3种入侵程度的假臭草N∶P值为叶(57.783)>根(3.104)、茎(3.655)(P<0.01);各器官N∶P值在不同入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05)(图2:E)。

  • 金腰箭叶C∶P值为重度入侵>轻度、中度入侵(P<0.05),叶N∶P值为重度入侵(22.586)>中度 (15.130)、轻度入侵(15.437)(P<0.01),其他各器官元素比值在不同入侵程度之间差异较小(P>0.05)。3种入侵程度的金腰箭各器官C∶N值为茎>根>叶(P<0.01);N∶P值为叶(17.718)>根(7.482)、茎(4.624)(P<0.01)(图2:B,D,F)。2种植物相比较,3种入侵程度的假臭草根、茎N∶P值、C∶P值均小于金腰箭;金腰箭叶N∶P值、C∶P值显著小于假臭草。

  • 表3 假臭草和金腰箭各器官N、P的含量

  • Table3 N, P contents in organs of Praxelis clematidea and Synedrella nodiflora

  • 注:小写字母表示不同入侵程度之间各器官元素含量的差异性,大写字母表示同一入侵程度不同器官之间元素含量的差异性。同一列不同字母表示差异性显著(P<0.05)。

  • Note: The lowercase letters represent the differences of element content in organs between three invasive degrees, and the capital letters represent the differences of element content between organs with the same invasion degree. Different letters in the same column represent significant differences (P<0.05) .

  • 2.4 植物各器官N、P分配和化学计量比与土壤养分的关系

  • RDA分析显示,土壤AN、AP含量是影响假臭草N、P分配及其化学计量比的主要因子(图3)。假臭草叶N、 P分配比与土壤AN含量为正相关,与土壤AP含量为负相关;茎P分配比与土壤AN为负相关,与土壤AP为正相关。这说明假臭草叶N、P分配比随土壤AN含量增大而增大,随土壤AP含量的增大而减小;茎P分配比随土壤AP含量的增大而增大。根N∶P值与土壤AN为负相关,与土壤AP为正相关,茎、叶N∶P值与土壤AP含量为负相关。这说明根相对生长速率随土壤AN含量的增大而增大,茎和叶相对生长速率随土壤AP含量的增大而增大。土壤N、P含量是影响金腰箭各器官N、P分配及其化学计量比的主要因子(图4)。金腰箭叶N分配比,叶、根C∶P值,叶N∶P与土壤N、P含量显著负相关,叶、根C∶P 值,叶N∶P随土壤N、P含量的增大而减小,说明金腰箭相对生长速率主要取决于土壤N、P含量。

  • 3 讨论

  • 土壤是供应植物矿质元素的重要源头,其养分含量的高低直接影响植物可获取养分的含量,植物叶片的元素浓度取决于土壤养分的可利用性(Han et al.,2005)。Tian 等(2010)对全国土壤C∶N∶P比率及变化的研究结果表明,全国土壤全氮含量平均值为1.87 g·kg-1,全磷含量平均值为0.78 g·kg-1。本研究中,假臭草和金腰箭入侵生境氮含量分别为1.375、0.270 g·kg-1,磷含量分别为0.413、0.613 g·kg-1,可见,相对全国平均氮磷供应水平而言,生境氮磷的供应潜力相对较低,这可能与该地带高温多雨,土壤氮磷流失增大有关。土壤为植物生长提供必需的营养元素,同时植物群落通过物理、化学或生物学过程影响着生态系统的物质循环。“植物-土壤生态系统”的反馈作用与外来种的入侵密切相关,许多外来植物通过改变新生境的土壤养分环境或土壤微生物群落来增强自身的生长竞争能力,抑制、排斥土著植物的生长繁殖以成功入侵(祁小旭等,2019)。Qin等(2014)对豚草(Ambrosia artemisiifolia)的研究表明,植物入侵使生境土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾的含量以及速效氮、速效磷、速效钾的含量显著提高;然而,马明睿等(2014)对加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago canadensis)和全国明等(2016)对假臭草的研究表明,植物入侵使生境土壤有机质、全氮、碱解氮、速效钾的含量降低。本研究中,随着假臭草和金腰箭入侵程度的加重,土壤生态系统出现负反馈,即土壤AN含量降低(假臭草),土壤N、P、AN的含量降低(金腰箭),这与马明睿等(2014)和全国明等(2016)的研究结果一致。植株在入侵期间最大化地吸收土壤营养物质从而使自身快速生长,形成密集、成片的单优植物群落,通过大量消耗土壤肥力、降低土壤酶活性或土壤微生物群落功能多样性来恶化土壤环境,并通过进一步影响周边植物的正常生长或排斥土著植物生长来成功入侵(全国明等,2016)。假臭草入侵生境土壤N含量显著大于金腰箭入侵生境,而土壤C、P、AN、AP的含量小于金腰箭入侵生境,可能与各自生长环境的植被或土壤的异质性有关。外来植物入侵对土壤生态系统过程的影响效应不同,受到植物种类、营养吸收策略、凋落物分解以及化感作用、外来植物的入侵时间长短、生长节律等多种因素的影响(王维奇等,2011;马明睿等,2014)。

  • 图1 3种入侵程度的假臭草 (A、 C) 和金腰箭 (B、 D) 各器官氮、磷分配比

  • Fig.1 Distribution ratio of nitrogen and phosphorus in organs of (A, C) Praxelis clematidea and (B, D) Synedrella nodiflora with three invasive degrees

  • 图2 3种入侵程度的假臭草(A、 C、 E)和金腰箭(B、 D、 F)各器官元素比

  • Fig.2 Element ratios of roots, stems and leaves of Praxelis clematidea (A, C, E) and Synedrella nodiflora (B, D, F) with three invasive degrees

  • 入侵植物比本地种有更强的N、P 利用能力,尤其体现在对N、P 的吸收利用(Durand &Goldstein,2001;Funk &Vitousek,2007)以及分配策略方面(Shen et al.,2011)。赵美霞等(2012)对崇明东滩湿地芦苇(Phragmites australis)和互花米草(Spartina alterniflora)的研究显示,在植物生长旺盛时期,N、P大量运输至叶和茎。本研究中,3种入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭的N分配模式为叶>茎>根;2种植物对P的分配策略不同,假臭草将P更多地分配至茎,金腰箭将P更多地分配至茎和叶,本研究结果同赵美霞等(2012)的研究结果相似。这说明入侵植物在生长过程中将更多的资源分配至叶和茎,通过快速合成蛋白质来增大地上部分生长速率和竞争力。

  • 假臭草和金腰箭叶N含量分别为27.848、27.580 g·kg-1,显著高于中国753种植物叶N含量(19.09 g·kg-1)(Han et al.,2005)和中国东部654种陆地植物叶N含量(17.55 g·kg-1)(任书杰等,2007);金腰箭叶P含量为1.624 g·kg-1,高于中国753种植物叶P含量(1.46 g·kg-1)(Han et al.,2005)和中国东部654种陆地植物叶P含量(1.56 g·kg-1)(任书杰等,2007)。这说明假臭草和金腰箭对N,尤其是金腰箭对P有较强的吸收或富集能力,本研究结果与陈文等(2020)对红毛草、王维奇等(2011)对互花米草和马明睿等(2014)对加拿大一枝黄花的研究结果一致,可以认为假臭草和金腰箭叶片能够吸收和累积较多的N和P以满足植物快速生长所需。植物不同部位N、P 含量的变化,不但与生境的 N、P 供给情况有关,还与其自身结构特点、生长节律和摄取能力有关(Baldwin et al.,2006)。

  • 图3 假臭草各器官氮磷分配和化学计量特征与土壤因子的关系

  • Fig.3 Relationship between distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus, stoichiometric characteristics in organs of Praxelis clematidea and soil factors

  • 图4 金腰箭各器官氮磷分配和化学计量特征与土壤因子的关系

  • Fig.4 Relationship between distribution of nitrogen and phosphorus, stoichiometric characteristics in organs of Synedrella nodiflora and soil factors

  • 植物体C∶N∶P化学计量特征是环境和植物共同作用的结果,决定了植物特定的生长策略(Koerselman &Meuleman,1996)。植物或器官N∶P值和C∶P值指示生长速率大小,低N∶P值、C∶P值指示分配到rRNA中的P较多,以快速合成蛋白质从而支持植株快速生长(Makino et al.,2003;Matzek &Vitousek,2009)。本研究中,轻度入侵的假臭草和金腰箭具有低的C∶P值和N∶P值,显示2种植物入侵初期可能具有较快的相对生长速率,以增大生长竞争优势。陈文等(2020)的研究显示,不同入侵程度的红毛草N∶P值为叶>根>茎;赵美霞等(2012)的研究显示,芦苇N∶P值在各器官的排序为根>叶>茎,互花米草为茎>叶>根。本研究中,3种入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭N∶P值均为叶>根、茎,本研究结果与陈文等(2020)对红毛草的研究结果相似,显示这2种入侵植物的根和茎具有相对快速的生长能力,以扩张种群、增大入侵性。尤其值得关注的是,本研究中3种入侵程度的假臭草根和茎N∶P值、C∶P值均小于金腰箭,金腰箭叶N∶P值、C∶P值显著小于假臭草,说明这2种植物的生长策略不同,假臭草依赖于根和茎较快的相对生长速率来增大入侵性,而金腰箭整体具有较快的相对生长速率,具有更强的入侵潜力。

  • 植物叶片N∶P 值是常被用来评价生态系统中植物生长的限制因子(Tessier &Raynal,2003; 曾德慧和陈广生,2005;王绍强和于贵瑞,2008),叶片N∶P值小于14时其生长受N限制,大于16时受P限制,介于14~16之间时则受到 N 或P的双重限制。假臭草叶和金腰箭叶的N∶P值(57.783和17.718)均大于16,推测2种植物的生长均受P限制。养分限制诊断指标的敏感性和适用性因物种、研究尺度不同而存在差异(曾冬萍等,2013),而且这种限制性关系会随着外界环境的变化而改变,故需要更多的研究证实。

  • 土壤养分是影响植物种群生长的重要因子(钟军弟等,2014)。屠臣阳等(2013)对黄顶菊(Flaveria bidentis)的研究显示,叶片P含量、C∶N值与入侵地土壤P含量、C∶N值显著正相关,叶片N含量与土壤N含量显著负相关;赵美霞等(2012)的研究显示,芦苇叶P含量与土壤N、P含量显著正相关,互花米草叶N含量与土壤N含量显著正相关,叶P含量与土壤P含量显著正相关; 陈文等(2020)对红毛草的研究显示,叶P含量与土壤速效磷(AP)含量显著正相关。本研究显示,假臭草各器官N、P分配和生长速率与土壤速效氮(AN)和AP显著正相关,金腰箭各器官N、P分配和相对生长速率与土壤N、P含量显著正相关,本研究结果与上述研究结果基本一致。这充分说明土壤养分变化时,通常会导致植物各器官氮或磷含量和光合作用能力发生变化(Harrington et al.,2001)。本研究表明,土壤AN和AP是影响假臭草各器官N、P分配及其相对生长速率的主要因子,根相对生长速率随土壤AN含量的增加而增大,茎和叶相对生长速率随土壤AP含量的增加而增大。速效养分是植物可直接吸收利用或者可以很快从土壤胶体上交换出来供植物利用的养分,但其含量不够稳定,易受土壤水热条件和生物活动的影响而发生变化,因而假臭草的生长扩张与短期土壤肥力有密切关系。土壤N、P含量是影响金腰箭各器官N、P分配及其相对生长速率的主要影响因子,其相对生长速率随土壤N、P含量的增加而增大,说明金腰箭的生长和扩张受土壤营养N、P含量的影响,其种群在土壤肥沃的生境更易扩张。土壤养分与植物养分之间有时并不存在稳定一致的相关关系,这可能与植物的生长状态、植物对土壤养分的摄取是否处于饱和以及土壤养分的可利用性有关。

  • 4 结论

  • 随假臭草入侵程度的加重,土壤AN含量显著降低;随金腰箭入侵程度的加重,土壤N、P、AN含量显著降低。假臭草入侵生境土壤N含量(0.696~2.701 g·kg-1)显著大于金腰箭入侵生境(0.189~0.337 g·kg-1),土壤C、P、AN、AP含量小于金腰箭入侵生境。

  • 不同入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭N分配为叶>茎>根;假臭草和金腰箭将更多的P分配至茎和叶。轻度入侵的假臭草(根、茎)和金腰箭(叶)较重度入侵具有低的C∶P值和N∶P值,说明2种植物入侵初期可能具有较快的相对生长速率,以增大竞争力。3种入侵程度的假臭草和金腰箭N∶P值均为叶>根、茎,这2种入侵植物的根和茎具有较快的生长能力,以扩张种群、增大入侵性。

  • 3种入侵程度的假臭草根、茎N∶P值,根、茎C∶P值均小于金腰箭,金腰箭叶N∶P值、C∶P值均显著小于假臭草。2种植物具有不同的生长策略,假臭草依赖于根和茎较快的相对生长速率来增大入侵性,而金腰箭整体具有更快的相对生长速率,有更强的入侵潜力。

  • 土壤AN、AP含量是影响假臭草各器官N、P分配及其相对生长速率的主要因子,其相对生长速率随土壤AN、AP含量增加而增大。土壤N、P含量是影响金腰箭各器官N、P分配及其相对生长速率的主要影响因子,金腰箭相对生长速率随土壤N、P含量的增加而增大,其种群更易在土壤肥沃的生境中扩张。

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