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作者简介:

沈金凤(1997—),硕士研究生,研究方向为森林生态学,(E-mail)shenjinfeng@xtbg.ac.cn。

通讯作者:

宋晓阳,博士,副研究员,研究方向为森林生态学,(E-mail)songxiaoyang@xtbg.ac.cn。

中图分类号:Q948

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2024)08-1592-15

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202307013

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目录contents

    摘要

    幼苗期是植物发育过程中最重要的阶段,也是森林自然更新的关键时期。为探究哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗组成、季节动态及其空间分布,该研究以20 hm2监测样地为平台,通过对样地内450个1 m × 1 m样方连续4年(2019—2022年)的调查,分析树种幼苗的组成、新增和死亡季节动态、空间分布等。结果表明:(1)累计调查幼苗58种,2928株,分属于26科42属。其中,新增幼苗817株,新增物种47种;死亡幼苗1181株,死亡物种50种。(2)幼苗重要值在不同树种和年际间表现出较大的差异,多花山矾(Symplocos ramosissima)和黄心树(Machilus bombycina)的幼苗始终是优势种,重要值始终在前2位,而先锋种水红木(Viburnum cylindricum)重要值则持续下降。(3)未监测到幼苗物种丰富度、样方平均幼苗物种丰富度和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数)、幼苗数量、新增幼苗数量、幼苗新增率、死亡幼苗数量和幼苗死亡率的季节性差异。(4)多数幼苗物种的空间分布范围较窄,仅有少数树种幼苗在整个样地广泛分布。平地地形中的样方幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗密度和物种多样性(Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数)显著高于山脊和沟谷地形。综上认为,哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林中季节对树种幼苗组成、新增和死亡的影响不大,地形决定树种幼苗的分布和多样性。该研究结果揭示了树种幼苗新增和死亡的动态变化,为生物多样性保护和森林经营管理提供了理论依据。

    Abstract

    Seedling stage is the most important stage of plant development and plays a critical role in the forest regeneration. Species composition, seasonal dynamics and spatial distribution of the tree seedlings in the 20 hm2 Ailaoshan forest dynamic plot were studied. The forest dynamic plot was built in a mid-mountain moist evergreen broad-leaved forest in Ailaoshan. Within the plot, 450 seedling quadrats of size 1 m × 1 m were established. Species composition, seasonal recruitment, seasonal mortality and spatial distribution of tree seedlings were investigated for four years (from 2019 to 2022). The results were as follows: (1) A total of 2928 seedlings of 58 species were recorded, belonging to 42 genera and 26 families. There were 817 recruits of 47 species and 1181 dead seedlings of 50 species. (2) The importance values of tree seedlings varied among different tree species across years. Symplocos ramosissima and Machilus bombycina were the dominant species, with importance values consistently in the Top 2 in four years, while the importance value of the pioneer species Viburnum cyclindricum declined continuously. (3) Significant differences in species richness, average seedling species richness in quadrat, species diversity (Shannon-Wiener index, Simpson index), seedling number, recruits, recruitment rate, mortality and mortality rate of tree seedlings were not found between different seasons. (4) The majority of species exhibited restricted distribution within the plot, only a few species displayed a broader distribution across the plot. Tree seedlings had higher species richness, density and diversity (Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index) in the flat topography compared to the ridge and valley of the plot. In conclusion, there are not significant differences in species composition, recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings between different seasons. Topography influences the spatial distribution and diversity of tree seedlings. The study reveals the dynamics of recruitment and mortality of tree seedlings, and provides the theoretical reference for biodiversity conservation and forest management.

  • 森林更新是森林生态系统的自我恢复和演替过程(徐振邦等,2001)。森林更新主要指以木本植物为主要组成部分的地表生物群落从开花,结实,种子的生产、扩散、萌发,直到幼苗成功定居,最后存活、生长和建成的持续且复杂的生态学过程(Rockwood,2006;闫琰等,2016)。其中,林下幼苗阶段由于根系不发达,贮藏资源有限,对地形和气候等环境变化最敏感(Lin et al.,2012;Song et al.,2018a;蔡军奇等,2018;何念军等,2022),是森林生态系统自我恢复、繁衍更新的关键(Li et al.,2010;Bace et al.,2012),其物种多样性、个体数量和分布格局影响森林的演替方向(Nyland et al.,2006)。因此,深入了解林下幼苗的组成、数量、物种多样性以及对气候和环境的响应等是生物多样性保护和森林生态系统经营管理的基础(张健等,2009),有助于了解和预测森林群落结构、功能与动态变化(宋立奕等,2012;杨华等,2014;Nguyen et al.,2016)。

  • 幼苗的组成与分布是森林更新研究的基础(杨廷丽等,2022)。在不同森林群落类型中,林下层幼苗的动态特征,包括幼苗数量、新增幼苗数量和死亡幼苗数量,随时间变化较大(Connell &Green,2000)。在温带森林中,张健等(2009)通过研究2006—2008年温带长白山阔叶红松林树种幼苗组成及其年际动态发现,幼苗的物种组成在年际间变化不大,但数量在年际间有明显变化,其中优势种水曲柳(Fraxinus mandshurica)、紫椴(Tilia amurensis)和红松(Pinus koraiensis)幼苗数量的年际变化最为明显,水曲柳在2008年出现幼苗高峰,紫椴和红松在2007年出现幼苗高峰。Lin等(2017)对台湾垦丁热带喀斯特森林新增幼苗的季节动态进行研究,发现新增幼苗数量在雨季显著高于旱季。在泰国热带森林中,雨季的幼苗新增率显著高于旱季,而幼苗死亡率的季节性差异因物种而异,如高大龙脑香(Dipterocarpus alatus)幼苗死亡率在旱季显著高于雨季,而大果紫檀(Pterocarpus macrocarpus)幼苗死亡率的季节差异不显著(Marod et al.,2002)。幼苗的组成与分布受土壤养分、水分、光照和温度等因素的影响,地形通过影响这些因素的再分配从而影响幼苗的分布(John et al.,2007;Wu et al.,2017)。在巴拿马热带森林和哀牢山亚热带森林中,树种分布具有显著的地形依赖性(Harms et al.,2001;Song et al.,2018a)。在森林群落中,幼苗物种组成和数量等特征在时间和空间上都存在很大的变异(Connell &Green,2000;李晓亮等,2009;Lin et al.,2017)。因此,长时间尺度上幼苗动态格局的研究对揭示森林生物多样性维持和物种共存机制具有重大意义。然而,森林幼苗物种组成和数量的动态变化和地形分布缺少长时间尺度的研究。

  • 中山湿性常绿阔叶林是分布在我国亚热带气候区的一种山地森林植被,哀牢山自然保护区具有连片的中山湿性常绿阔叶林(周博等,2020),是我国此类森林面积最大、保护相对完好的区域(温韩东等,2018)。但是,该区域受季风气候影响,季节性干旱以及极端天气事件频发(尚升海等,2019),这是影响该区域树种幼苗更新的重要因素(周博等,2020),然而该区域幼苗组成和数量的季节动态的长期研究仍十分缺乏。该地区位置独特,地处我国青藏高原东南侧以及云南亚热带与热带北缘的过渡区,热带、亚热带、温带(亚高山)区系成分在这里交错汇集,形成了生物多样性极为丰富和植物区系地理成分极为复杂的格局(邱学忠和谢寿昌,1998),因此在哀牢山自然保护区内开展幼苗动态研究具有代表意义。本研究以哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林20 hm2动态监测样地为研究区域,依托样地内450个1 m × 1 m样方连续4年(2019—2022年)的调查,通过对样地内树种幼苗物种组成和多样性的季节动态和地形变化进行分析,拟探讨以下问题:(1)哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗物种组成和多样性的季节变化;(2)哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗数量的季节变化;(3)哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗在地形中的分布以及地形间树种幼苗物种组成的差异。本研究结果有助于揭示和预测哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林树种幼苗群落组成的动态变化,探究树种幼苗的空间分布格局,为森林的合理管理和保护提供科学依据。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 研究地概况

  • 研究地为云南省中部的哀牢山国家级自然保护区的徐家坝地区(102.02° E、24.53° N),海拔为2 400~2 600 m。该区属于西南季风气候,年平均降雨量为1 778 mm(2002—2011年),旱季(11月至次年4月)、雨季(5—10月)分明,86%以上的降水集中在雨季,年均相对湿度为83%,年均温度为11.3℃(Chen et al.,2010a;Wu et al.,2014)。林地土壤为山地黄棕壤,土壤偏酸性(pH为4.4~4.9),土壤表面由厚度为3~7 cm的凋落物层覆盖,土壤肥沃,0~10 cm的土壤中有机碳、全氮和全磷的含量分别为223.99、7.47、1.11 g·kg-1(Liu et al.,2002;陈浩等,2022)。哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林乔木树种主要有壳斗科(Fagaceae)、山茶科(Theaceae)、樟科(Lauraceae)和木兰科(Magnoliaceae),其中壳斗科的硬壳柯(Lithocarpus hancei)、木果柯(Lithocarpus xylocarpus)、变色锥(Castanopsis wattii),山茶科的南洋木荷(Schima noronhae)、折柄茶(Stewartia pteropetiolata)、蒙自连蕊茶(Camellia forrestii),樟科的黄心树(Machilus gamblei)、黄丹木姜子(Litsea elongata),木兰科的红花木莲(Manglietia insignis)、多花含笑(Michelia floribunda)是乔木层的优势种(温韩东等,2018)。

  • 1.2 研究方法

  • 1.2.1 样地设置和植被调查

  • 2014年参考Center for Tropical Forest Science(CTFS)样地建设标准和操作规范(Condit,1998)在哀牢山国家级自然保护区内建设1块20 hm2的中山湿性常绿阔叶林固定监测样地(101.03°—101.03° E、24.53°—24.54° N),海拔为2 472~2 628 m,平均海拔为2 550 m。样地地形复杂,有3沟3脊(图1)。样地南北(X轴)长500 m,东西(Y轴)宽400 m,用全站仪将整个样地划分成500个20 m × 20 m的样方,每个样方又分为16个5 m × 5 m的小样方。测量并记录每个5 m × 5 m样方内的所有胸径(diameter at breast height,DBH)≥1 cm的木本植物(不包括藤本植物和竹类)的空间位置,并进行物种鉴定、编号挂牌,于高度1.3 m的DBH处漆上红漆,测量植物的DBH,并记录植物的编号、树种名称、DBH、空间坐标和存活情况。第1次调查的结果显示,该样地共有44 168株DBH≥1 cm的独立木本植物个体,分属于36科63属104种(温韩东等,2018)。

  • 1.2.2 幼苗样方设置和调查

  • 2019年1月,在哀牢山动态监测样地内选择了150个样点(图1),在每个样点周围设置3个1 m × 1 m的幼苗样方。为了使150个样点均匀地覆盖整个样地,并且样点之间的间距在20 m以上,使用“十字法”将整个样地划分为对称的4块区域,每一区域内采用“梅花法”以20 m × 20 m的样方作为基本单位进行划分,样点位于每个20 m × 20 m的样方内左下角的次级样方10 m × 10 m的中心位置。

  • 图1 150个样点在哀牢山森林动态监测样地中的分布

  • Fig.1 Distribution of 150 sampling points in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot

  • 在每个幼苗样方中,所有DBH < 1 cm的独立木本植物均被定义为幼苗,并对这些幼苗进行测量、标记和鉴定。幼苗普查分别于每年5月(旱季末雨季初)和11月(雨季末旱季初)进行。每次幼苗普查期间,记录先前标记的幼苗的状态(存活或死亡)和高度,并测量、标记和鉴定新增个体。将每年5月监测的幼苗视为旱季幼苗,每年11月监测的幼苗视为雨季幼苗。为了分析在不同季节和年际的幼苗动态,我们分析了2019年1月至2022年11月共4个旱季和4个雨季的幼苗数据。

  • 1.2.3 数据分析方法

  • (1)树种幼苗重要值(蔡军奇等,2018)

  • 重要值(%)=[(相对多度+相对频度)/2]×100;

  • 相对多度(%)=(某种幼苗的多度/所有幼苗多度和)×100;

  • 相对频度(%)=(某种幼苗的频度/所有幼苗频度和)×100。

  • (2)样方平均幼苗物种丰富度和幼苗密度(李晓亮等,2009)

  • 分别统计每个幼苗样方中的树种幼苗物种数和个体数,计算每个幼苗样方的幼苗物种丰富度和幼苗密度,并计算450个幼苗样方的幼苗物种丰富度和幼苗密度的平均值。

  • 样方幼苗物种丰富度=物种数/样方面积(m2);

  • 样方幼苗密度=幼苗个体数/样方面积(m2)。

  • (3)新增率、死亡率和自然增长率(施璐璐等,2014)

  • 新增率(%)=(本次调查新生幼苗数量/上次调查幼苗总数量)×100;

  • 死亡率(%)=(本次调查死亡幼苗数量/上次调查幼苗总数量)×100;

  • 自然增长率=新增率-死亡率。

  • (4)物种多样性

  • Shannon-Wiener指数(H)(Shannon &Wiener,1949)计算如下:

  • H=-i=1S PilnS

  • Simpson指数(D)(Simpson,1949)计算如下:

  • D=1-i=1S Pi2

  • Bray-Curtis相异指数(B)(Bray &Curtis,1957)计算如下:

  • B=b+c2a+b+c

  • 式中: S为总物种数; Pi为第i种的个体数占全部物种总个体数的比例; bc分别表示2个样方中仅在1个样方出现的物种, a表示在2个样方中均出现的物种。Bray-Curtis相异指数介于0~1之间,Bray-Curtis相异指数越大,则说明群落间物种组成的相似性越低(Ricotta &Podani,2017)。

  • (5)地形划分

  • 哀牢山动态监测样地地形的划分以500个20 m × 20 m的样方为基本单位,选取海拔、坡度和凹凸度3类地形参数,将500个20 m × 20 m大样方划分为3种地形生境(Song et al.,2018a):

  • 平地(flat):平均海拔<2 500 m,坡度<15°;

  • 沟谷(valley):坡度≥15°,凹凸度<0;

  • 山脊(ridge):坡度≥15°且凹凸度≥0,或者坡度<15°且平均海拔≥2 500 m。

  • 以地形为单位,统计和计算各个地形的幼苗样方数、幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗数量、多样性指数、样方平均幼苗物种丰富度、样方平均幼苗密度、样方平均Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数。

  • (6)非度量多维尺度分析

  • 使用基于Bray-Curtis相异性的非度量多维尺度(non-metric multidimensional scaling,NMDS)法量化不同地形幼苗群落组成差异。非度量多维尺度排序通过对多维数据进行降维,将由多物种组成的多维数据转换为二维平面上的距离,从而可以直观地看到各个样点的树种幼苗在地形上的分布。使用距离矩阵的多变量方差分析对不同地形的树种幼苗组成进行比较。

  • 采用Microsoft Excel 2019和R 3.3.2(https://www.R-project.org/)进行数据统计、分析和制图。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 幼苗群落物种组成和多样性的季节动态

  • 在2019—2022年的9次调查中,累计记录幼苗树种58种,分属于26科42属,包括46种乔木树种和12种灌木树种(附录1)。樟科(9种)、蔷薇科(Rosaceae,6种)、山矾科(Symplocaceae,5种)和冬青科(Aquifoliaceae,4种)为排名前4的科。其中,樟科包括滇润楠(Machilus yunnanensis)、多果新木姜子(Neolitsea polycarpa)、黄丹木姜子、黄心树、柳叶润楠(Machilus salicina)、三股筋香(Lindera thomsonii)、山鸡椒(Litsea cubeba)、团花新木姜子(Neolitsea homilantha)和鸭公树(Neolitsea chui)。

  • 调查期间未监测到幼苗物种丰富度、Shannon-Wiener指数、Simpson指数和样方平均幼苗物种丰富度的季节性差异(表1)。由表1可知,2019—2022年幼苗物种丰富度呈下降趋势,物种组成的变化与稀有种的新增和死亡有关。2019年第1次调查时记录有55个物种,2019年旱季吴茱萸五加(Gamblea ciliata var. evodiifolia)幼苗新增,2019年雨季木帚栒子(Cotoneaster dielsianus var. dielsianus)幼苗死亡且在后续调查中该物种未再被发现,2020年旱季滇南山杨(Populus rotundifolia var. bonatii)和云南樱桃(Prunus yunnanensis)幼苗新增,2021年雨季滇南山杨幼苗死亡且在后续调查中该物种未再新增,2022年雨季多花含笑、荷包山桂花和高盆樱桃(P. cerasoides)幼苗死亡。

  • 表1 2019—2022年哀牢山森林动态监测样地树种幼苗组成和多样性的配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩检验的结果

  • Table1 Results of paired sample Wilcoxon signed rank test of seedling composition and diversity of tree species in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot from 2019 to 2022

  • 第1次调查时幼苗重要值排名前20的树种及在幼苗调查期间的变化如表2所示。由表2可知,不同树种在调查期间幼苗重要值变化差异较大。在调查期间,多花山矾(Symplocos ramosissima)和黄心树的幼苗始终是优势种,重要值始终在前2位,其重要值之和始终占重要值总和的20%以上,表明这些物种在样地中数量最多,分布范围也最广。受新增、死亡幼苗的影响,个别树种在调查期间的重要值变化差异较大。例如,水红木(Viburnum cylindricum)在第1次调查时重要值排名为第3名,在2022年11月最后1次调查时重要值排名为第18名。

  • 表2 哀牢山森林动态监测样地第1次调查时排名前20的树种幼苗的重要值及其变化

  • Table2 Important values and changes of the Top 20 tree species seedlings in the first census in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot

  • 2.2 幼苗群落的数量动态

  • 在2019—2022年的9次调查中,累计记录幼苗2 928株。幼苗个体数累计超过100株的有11种,占幼苗总数的65.16%(1 908株)。其中,个体数最多的为多花山矾(478株),其次为黄心树(254株),它们的总数占幼苗总数的25.00%。幼苗个体数在10~100株的树种有29种,占幼苗总数的32.58%(954株)。幼苗个体数少于10株的树种有18种,占幼苗总数的2.25%(66株),其中仅有1株个体的树种有5种,包括荷包山桂花(Polygala arillate)、木帚栒子、山矾(Symplocos sumuntia)、文山鹅掌柴(Heptapleurum fengii)和珍珠花(Lyonia ovalifolia)。

  • 2019—2022年累计记录817株新增树种幼苗,共计物种数47种,分属于24科25属。2019—2022年群落新增率为38.45%。调查期间新增幼苗数量超过100株的2个树种分别是朱砂根(Ardisia crenata,111株,新增率127.59%)和多花山矾(110株,新增率29.89%),占新增幼苗总数的27.05%,新增幼苗数量在10~100株之间的树种有18个,包括黄心树(66株,新增率34.55%)、硬壳柯(57株,新增率95.00%)和多果新木姜子(48株,新增率106.67%)等物种,共计517株,占新增幼苗总数的63.28%;新增幼苗数量少于10株的树种有27个,共计79株,占新增幼苗总数的9.67%,其中6个物种的新增幼苗数量只有1株。根据记录,多沟杜英(Elaeocarpus lacunosus)、多花含笑、荷包山桂花、景东冬青(Ilex gintungensis)、柳叶润楠、木帚栒子、乔木茵芋(Skimmia arborescens)、山矾、文山鹅掌柴、云南越橘(Vaccinium duclouxii)和珍珠花共11个物种在调查期间均未出现新增幼苗。

  • 2019—2022年累计记录1 181株死亡树种幼苗,共计物种数50种,分属于25科39属。2019—2022年群落死亡率为55.58%。调查期间死亡幼苗数量超过100株的2个树种分别是多花山矾(157株,死亡率42.66%)和水红木(107株,死亡率86.99%),占死亡幼苗总数的22.35%;死亡幼苗数量在10~100株之间的树种有24种,包括朱砂根(91株,死亡率104.60%)、黄心树(89株,死亡率46.60%)和硬壳柯(64株,死亡率106.67%)等物种,共计826株,占死亡幼苗总数的69.94%;死亡幼苗数量少于10株的树种有24种,共计91株,占死亡幼苗总数的7.71%,其中5个物种的死亡幼苗数量只有1株。根据记录,多沟杜英、景东冬青、柳叶润楠、三股筋香、山矾、团花新木姜子、文山鹅掌柴和珍珠花共8个物种在调查期间均未出现死亡幼苗。

  • 2019年旱季至2022年雨季未监测到幼苗数量、新增幼苗数量、幼苗新增率、死亡幼苗数量和幼苗死亡率的季节性差异(表3)。由表3可知,新增幼苗数量的峰值出现在雨季,幼苗新增率在2019年雨季最大,雨季幼苗新增率比旱季高,但对比旱季和雨季记录的数据时发现旱季和雨季新增幼苗数量和新增率没有显著差异。死亡幼苗数量的峰值出现在2019年雨季和2021年旱季,幼苗死亡率在2021年旱季最大,雨季幼苗死亡率通常比旱季高,但对比旱季和雨季记录的数据时发现旱季和雨季死亡幼苗数量和死亡率没有显著差异。树种幼苗群落新增率仅在2019年旱季和2020年旱季大于死亡率,在其余调查时间内树种幼苗群落自然增长率均为负数。

  • 2.3 幼苗的空间分布

  • 由表4可知,样地中3种地形所占面积由小到大排序分别为平地(5.60 hm2)、沟谷(6.88 hm2)和山脊(7.52 hm2)。根据现实地形情况的影响,各类地形布设的幼苗样方数有较大差异,平地、沟谷和山脊分别布设了123个、153个和174个幼苗样方。各地形的土壤、光照、树种分布以及布设的幼苗样方数量存在差异,导致平地、沟谷和山脊地形中的幼苗群落的数量特征不同。2019年第1次调查时在山脊地形中记录的幼苗数量、Simpson指数和样方平均幼苗密度均最高,而在平地地形中记录的样方平均幼苗物种丰富度、样方平均Shannon-Wiener指数和样方平均Simpson指数均最高。由图2可知,调查期间在平地地形中的样方幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗密度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数均最高,山脊次之,沟谷最低。

  • 多数物种分布范围较小,仅有少数物种可以在整个样地里广泛分布。对树种幼苗的分布频度进行研究发现,多数物种仅分布在0~50个样方内,少数物种分布在51~100个样方内,仅有多花山矾幼苗的分布频次大于100(图3)。在2019—2022年的9次调查中,幼苗分布在0~50个样方内的频度呈上升趋势,树种分布的样方数量呈下降趋势(图3)。

  • 2019年第1次调查时山脊和沟谷之间的Bray-Curtis相异指数最小,为0.10,表示山脊和沟谷地形间物种组成的差异性最小,而平地和山脊(0.17)、平地和沟谷(0.16)之间的Bray-Curtis相异指数较大,表示平地和山脊地形、平地和沟谷地形间物种组成的差异性较大。由图4可知,非度量多维尺度排序的stress值均<0.1,表明排序效果良好。非度量多维尺度排序结果显示,调查期间样地内树种幼苗在空间排序上存在显著差异(距离矩阵的多变量方差分析),表明3种地形间的物种组成具有显著差异。

  • 表3 2019—2022年哀牢山森林动态监测样地树种幼苗数量的配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩检验的结果

  • Table3 Results of paired sample Wilcoxon signed rank test of seedling number in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot from 2019 to 2022

  • 表4 第1次调查时哀牢山森林动态监测样地3种地形的幼苗特征

  • Table4 Seedling characteristics of three habitat types (topographies) in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot in the first census

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 3.1 幼苗群落的物种组成

  • 2019年第1次在哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林内450个幼苗样方进行调查时共记录有55个物种、2 125株幼苗(4.72 plants·m-2)。与广东鼎湖山南亚热带常绿阔叶林、湖南八大公山亚热带山地常绿落叶阔叶混交林、浙江古田山中亚热带常绿阔叶林和浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林相比,哀牢山亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林幼苗物种丰富度最低,幼苗密度仅高于浙江天童亚热带常绿阔叶林(宾粤等,2011;郭印等,2016;刘何铭等,2017;徐文秀等,2017)。这可能与哀牢山亚热带中山常绿阔叶林的海拔和气候有关,与其他亚热带森林样地相比,哀牢山样地海拔较高、年降水量较低、气温较低(邱学忠和谢寿昌,1998)。物种丰富度受海拔梯度的影响,一般情况下会随着海拔的升高而降低(唐志尧和方精云,2004;王辉等,2015)。

  • 调查期间未监测到群落内树种幼苗物种组成和多样性的季节性差异,说明该林分更新稳定。在由蒙自连蕊茶、云南越橘、多花山矾、硬壳柯、变色锥、南亚枇杷、木果柯、山矾、滇润楠和丛花山矾组成的重要值排序前10位的样地树种中(温韩东等,2018),有3个树种的幼苗出现在重要值排序前10位的幼苗组成中,包括蒙自连蕊茶、多花山矾和南亚枇杷(Eriobotrya bengalensis),表明这3个树种的幼苗与大树个体在样地群落中均占据优势地位。其余7个树种在样地内大树个体数和幼苗个体数存在较大差异,表明在样地内的这些物种的实生苗更新存在限制。这可能与种子传播方式有关,其中硬壳柯、变色锥和木果柯种子产量均较高,但是,由于它们主要通过啮齿动物传播,在传播过程中,大量种子被取食(郎政伟和巩合德,2016),仅有少数种子存活并萌发成幼苗,因此这些物种主要以萌生苗的形式进行幼苗更新(陈沐等,2008)。然而,制约该森林群落树种幼苗更新和死亡的影响因素还有待进一步研究。

  • 3.2 幼苗群落的数量动态

  • 在哀牢山动态监测样地中,本研究未监测到幼苗数量、新增幼苗数量和死亡幼苗数量的季节性差异,这可能是由于季节间差异受到巨大的年际波动的影响。巩合德等(2011)对哀牢山6 hm2常绿阔叶林中树种幼苗季节动态为期1年的研究发现,新增幼苗数量的峰值出现在雨季,而死亡幼苗数量的峰值出现在旱季。研究间的差异可能与幼苗监测的时间尺度和频率有关。巩合德等(2011)使用了高频率(每2周复查1次)的监测方法,能够记录到更多的幼苗新增死亡动态。本研究中,为了达成长期监测的目标,幼苗监测频率为每6个月1次,仅能记录季节间幼苗的新增死亡动态。因此不同监测频率和监测时间尺度可能导致研究结果不一致。同时,幼苗的死亡数量与该年新增幼苗数量相关,幼苗密度过高容易招致更多的天敌和病原菌(Janzen,1970;Connell,1971),因此幼苗的大量新增往往伴随着幼苗的大量死亡(Hett,1971;Kelly,1994)。另外,幼苗死亡数量和死亡率也与极端气候事件有关(Browne et al.,2021)。此外,幼苗新增数量和死亡数量的季节差异的不同可能与物种组成的差异有关。在哀牢山6 hm2常绿阔叶林的幼苗动态监测样地中,新增幼苗数量在前4位的树种依次是宿鳞稠李(Prunus perulata)、南洋木荷、多花山矾和中缅八角(Illicium burmanicum),死亡幼苗数量在前4位的树种依次是黄心树、宿鳞稠李、多花山矾和中缅八角(巩合德等,2011)。在哀牢山动态监测样地中,新增幼苗数量在前4位的树种依次是朱砂根、多花山矾、黄心树和硬壳柯,死亡幼苗数量在前4位的树种依次是多花山矾、水红木、朱砂根和黄心树。通过对哀牢山动态监测样地新增幼苗数量和死亡幼苗数量排名前4的树种幼苗动态分析发现,这些物种的新增幼苗数量和死亡幼苗数量的季节差异均不显著(配对样本Wilcoxon符号秩检验,P>0.050)。这说明在哀牢山动态监测样地中,幼苗新增数量排名靠前的树种幼苗可能对旱季条件有较强的适应性。与此同时,巩合德等(2011)发现新增幼苗数量和死亡幼苗数量与每月降雨量的相关性并不显著,说明在哀牢山亚热带森林中幼苗新增和死亡受降水条件的影响较小。

  • 在哀牢山动态监测样地中,本研究未监测到幼苗新增率和死亡率的季节性差异,说明一般的季节性干旱可能并不会导致亚热带中山湿性常绿阔叶林的幼苗动态发生较大变化。本研究结果与高黎贡山中山常绿湿性阔叶林为期1年的研究结果不同,后者发现幼苗在旱季的死亡率较高(孙继文等,2023)。本研究对哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林的幼苗季节性动态开展了长期监测(4个旱季和4个雨季)研究,发现2019—2022年哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林旱季幼苗死亡率为2.45%~11.56%,未监测到幼苗新增率和死亡率的季节差异。另外,该亚热带森林旱季幼苗死亡率远低于热带森林,如泰国热带季节雨林 (旱季死亡率91.30%~9 6.80%)和西双版纳热带雨林(旱季死亡率26.49%)(Marod et al.,2002;李晓亮等,2009)。前人通常认为降雨量低、气温高等带来的干旱胁迫是导致旱季幼苗死亡的主要原因(Marod et al.,2002;Comita &Engelbrecht,2009;巩合德等,2011;孙继文等,2023)。巩合德等(2011)对哀牢山常绿阔叶林树种幼苗时空分布特征进行研究,发现新增幼苗和死亡幼苗数量与每月降雨量的相关性并不显著,因此在哀牢山中山常绿湿性阔叶林中,一般的旱季水分条件可能并不是限制幼苗存活的主要原因。与雨季相比,旱季的光照条件通常更高(Huete et al.,2006;Comita &Engelbrecht,2009),病虫害压力更低(Givnish,1999;Spear et al.,2015)。因此,相对干旱的环境可能有利于幼苗存活,如在巴拿马热带季节湿润森林中,旱季严重程度增加降低了幼苗死亡风险(Johnson et al.,2017)。

  • 图2 2019—2022年哀牢山森林动态监测样地样方幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗密度、 Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数在3种地形间的差异

  • Fig.2 Difference of seedling species richness, seedling density, Shannon-Wiener index and Simpson index in quadrats among the three habitat types (topographies) in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot from 2019 to 2022

  • 图3 2019—2022年哀牢山20 hm2森林动态监测样地树种幼苗物种在幼苗样方中的分布频度

  • Fig.3 Distribution frequency of tree seedlings in seedling quadrats in a 20 hm2 Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot from 2019 to 2022

  • 本研究中,先锋树种水红木的幼苗新增率仅为3.25%,而死亡率却高达86.99%且重要值持续下降。先锋树种是需光植物,它们的种子只能在林窗中萌发,幼苗生长也需要较强的光照条件(曹敏等,2000),然而哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林郁闭度较高,2015年样地内平均林冠开度为13.65%(Song et al.,2018a),2023年平均林冠开度为5.50%,随着林冠的郁闭,幼苗在样地内难以更新和存活,幼苗死亡率远高于新增率。

  • 图4 2019—2022年哀牢山森林动态监测样地幼苗群落组成在3种地形间的差异(非度量多维尺度分析)

  • Fig.4 Difference in seedlings community composition between the three habitat types (topographies) in Ailaoshan forest dynamic monitoring plot from 2019 to 2022 (non-metric multidimensional scaling analysis)

  • 多沟杜英、多花含笑、荷包山桂花、景东冬青、柳叶润楠、木帚栒子、乔木茵芋、山矾、文山鹅掌柴、云南越橘和珍珠花11个物种在调查期间均未出现新增幼苗,其限制因子可能是多方面的。一方面,稀有种的幼苗更新存在种源限制;另一方面,常见种存在大年结实的现象从而限制幼苗更新;此外,林下生境也限制着种子萌发和幼苗存活。

  • 调查期间,多沟杜英、景东冬青、柳叶润楠、三股筋香、山矾、团花新木姜子、文山鹅掌柴和珍珠花8个物种均未出现死亡幼苗。多沟杜英、团花木姜子和文山鹅掌柴未出现死亡幼苗,可能是由于群落补偿趋势(community compensatory trend)导致稀有种相对普遍种具有更高的存活率(Connell et al.,1984;Chen et al.,2010b;Lin et al.,2012)。景东冬青、柳叶润楠和山矾未出现死亡幼苗,可能是由于幼苗本身高度较高(平均高度分别为56、38、88 cm),幼苗高度较高的个体,在资源获取方面具有一定优势(Johnson et al.,2017),此外幼苗高度与死亡率呈负相关,幼苗高度越高的个体,其死亡率越低(Lin et al.,2012;Johnson et al.,2017;Song et al.,2018b)。由于三股筋香所含的挥发油对病原菌具有很好的抑制作用(杨得坡等,1999;杜萍和张先俊,2009),珍珠花所含的二萜类化合物具有抗菌和抑制昆虫取食的作用(Lv et al.,2016;Lv et al.,2017;李悦,2022),因此三股筋香和珍珠花能够更好地抵御病原菌以及植食者,从而降低其死亡率。

  • 3.3 幼苗的空间分布

  • 本研究发现,不同树种幼苗出现的样方数表现出一定差异,多数物种分布范围较小,仅有多花山矾广泛分布于样地内,并且物种分布和多样性有显著的地形差异。幼苗空间分布的差异与该物种种子数量、种子扩散能力和生境适应性有关(杜彦君和马克平,2012)。大多数树种由于种子数量少,种子扩散能力不足,难以散布到离母树较远的地方(Janzen,1970;张健等,2009;杨小飞等,2010),具有一定的种源限制和扩散限制(宾粤等,2011),因此幼苗多度和分布范围受到了限制(Harms et al.,2001;杜彦君和马克平,2012)。例如,蒙自连蕊茶在样地树木(DBH≥1 cm)群落中的重要值排名为第1位(温韩东等,2018),但2019年笔者第1次调查时该树种幼苗在幼苗样方中重要值排名仅为第10位。由于蒙自连蕊茶种子较大,种子数量较少,主要通过啮齿动物传播,因此传播能力有限且在传播过程大量种子被取食,该物种在样地内主要以萌生苗的形式存在(陈沐等,2008)。幼苗的空间分布还取决于该生境是否能够满足该物种幼苗的存活条件(Baraloto &Goldberg,2004)。地形的变化会导致环境因子(如光照、水分、温度和土壤养分含量等)发生空间变异(张忠华等,2011),从而影响幼苗的存活与分布(John et al.,2007;Wu et al.,2017;Song et al.,2018a)。例如,先锋树种水红木的新增幼苗倾向于分布在光照强度高的地区,在沟谷地形中分布较少;演替后期南亚枇杷的新增幼苗倾向于分布在山脊地形中,在平地地形中分布较少(Song et al.,2018a)。调查期间本研究发现平地地形中的样方幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗密度、Shannon-Wiener指数和Simpson指数最高,平地与山脊和沟谷地形间物种组成的差异性较大,即海拔较低、坡度较小的平地地形的物种多样性更高。Metz(2012)对厄瓜多尔Yasuní森林幼苗在不同地形生境中的动态变化的研究结果表明,2003—2005年样方平均幼苗数量在海拔低、坡度小的地形生境中最高。该结果可能与温度和土壤水分在不同地形中的分配有关。在海拔较低的平地地形中,温度和土壤含水量较高(You et al.,2013),可以促进种子发芽和幼苗存活,因而可以保持较高的物种丰富度。物种分布的地形偏好也会影响地形生境间的幼苗特征,Song等(2018a)发现在哀牢山中山湿性常绿阔叶林中28%的新增幼苗物种与平地地形呈正相关,其中包括一些重要值排名靠前的物种,如多花山矾和黄心树。因此,海拔低、坡度小的平地地形中的样方幼苗物种丰富度、幼苗密度和多样性均高于山脊和沟谷地形。

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