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作者简介:

杜梅娜(1993-),硕士研究生,研究方向为植物进化生态学,(E-mail)1293161196@qq.com。

中图分类号:Q945

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2022)12-2178-10

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202102039

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目录contents

    摘要

    为探讨叶片斑纹的光合适应意义,该文选择有斑和无斑两种叶型的维西堇菜(Viola monbeigii)作为研究材料,采用石蜡切片制片和显微镜观察叶片结构及GFS 3000便携式光合测量仪测量光合参数并进行比较。结果表明:(1)两种叶型维西堇菜气孔均为不等型气孔,有斑叶片上、下表皮气孔密度、栅栏组织(PT)厚度、栅栏组织与海绵组织的比值(PT/ST)均显著低于无斑叶片;而上表皮气孔较大,表现出更适应弱光环境的结构特征。(2)两种叶型维西堇菜暗呼吸速率(Rd)、初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光产量(Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学反应量子效率(Yield)均无显著差异,有斑植株叶片叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(Pmax)显著低于无斑植株;有斑叶片表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)在光合有效辐射(PAR)处于400~2000 μmol·m-2·s-1之间时显著低于无斑叶片,无斑植株的光饱和点(LSP)高于有斑植株,而补偿点(LCP)较低。综上认为,无斑植株PAR利用范围较宽,光合适应能力更强,有利于维西堇菜充分利用环境中有限的资源,保障物种生存;有斑植株具有较适应弱光胁迫的特征,表明叶片斑纹的出现可能是维西堇菜适应林缘弱光环境的一种策略。

    Abstract

    In order to explore the photosynthetic adaptation significance of variegated leaves, variegated and non-variegated leaves of Viola monbeigii were selected as materials. The leaf structure was observed by paraffin section and microtechniques, and the photosynthetic parameters were measured by GFS 3000 portable photosynthesis measuring instrument. The results were as follows: (1) The stomata of variegated and non-variegated leaves were all unequal types. However, the stomatal density of the upper and lower epidermis, the thickness of palisade tissue (PT) and the ratio of palisade tissue to sponge tissue (PT / ST) of the variegated leaves were significantly lower than those of the non-variegated leaves; while the stomata of the upper epidermis of variegated leaves were larger than non-variegated leaves, showing more structural characteristics to adapt to the weak light intensity environment. (2) Both leaf types had no significant differences in dark respiration rate (Rd), initial fluorescence (Fo), maximum fluorescence yield (Fm), photochemical quenching coefficient (qP), non-photochemical quenching coefficent (qN), maximal quantum yield of PS Ⅱ (Fv/Fm) and practical photochemical reaction quantum efficiency (Yield), but the maximum net photosynthetic rate (Pmax) and chlorophyll content in variegated leaves were significantly lower than non-variegated leaves; the apparent photosynthetic electron transfer rate (ETR) of variegated leaves was significantly lower than that of non-variegated leaves when the PAR was between 400-2000 μmol·m-2·s-1, while the light saturation point (LSP) of non-variegated leaves leaves was higher than that of variegated leaves and the light compensation point (LCP) was lower. In summary, non-variegated plants have a wider PAR utilization range and stronger photosynthetic adaptability, which is conducive to the use of limited resources in the environment and ensures the survival of species. Variegated plants have the characteristics of adapting to weak light stress, indicating that the appearance of variegated leaves may be a strategy for V. monbeigii to adapt to weak light environment at forest edge.

  • 叶片作为进行光合作用的主要器官,具有可塑性较大、暴露在环境中面积最大且对环境变化敏感的特征,其结构变化会直接影响植物的光合功能。叶片解剖结构、生理特征以及形态性状等最能反映植物对环境因子的适应能力(李芳兰和包维楷,2005; 夏国威等,2019; 纪若璇等,2020)。光照是影响植物叶片结构和光合特性的主要因素(甄伟和张福墁,2000; 蒋高明,2004),植物叶片中叶绿素的种类、含量、分布影响了叶片的呈色以及对光的吸收能力(Boardman,1977; Lichtenthaler,1987)。叶面呈现异色斑纹或斑点是许多喜生于灌丛与密林下层等弱光环境下植物的共同特性(Givnish,1990),多见于粗肋草属以及秋海棠科(Fooshee &Henny,1990; Kiew,2005; 崔卫华和管开云,2013)。植物叶片的斑纹可能由多种机制产生(Hara,1957),一些植物的斑纹可以通过诱导叶片部分组织减少叶绿素含量产生(Sheue et al.,2012),而秋海棠属、粗肋草属以及落檐属的叶片斑纹则是由叶片表皮层与下层细胞之间的间隙导致(Fooshee and Henny,1990; Tsukaya et al.,2004; Zhang et al.,2009; Sheue et al.,2012)。目前,对叶片斑纹形成机制虽已有较多研究(Smith,1986; Tsukaya et al.,2004; 丁仁展等,2006; Soltau et al.,2009; 崔卫华和管开云,2013; Chen et al.,2017),但对叶片斑纹存在的适应意义仍缺乏了解。

  • 维西堇菜(Viola monbeigii)为堇菜科(Viola-ceae)堇菜属(Viola)合生托叶组(Sect. Adnatae)的多年生草本,具有叶型、花型优美,早春开放等特点(中国科学院中国植物志编辑委员会,1991),是适宜做早春花卉的重要资源植物,其喜生长于林缘、山地阴坡、草丛等弱光环境。维西堇菜有两种叶型植株,即有斑叶型植株和无斑叶型植株,自然界中既存在有斑、无斑叶型植株单独生长的居群,也存在着两种叶型植株混合生长的居群。混生的两种叶型维西堇菜为探究不同叶型光合适应意义提供了理想材料。目前,有关维西堇菜的研究较少,主要集中于繁殖适应以及引种驯化等方面(孙坤和王庆瑞,1999; 江龙龙等,2013; 王亚莉,2017),未见光合适应相关研究。因此,本研究以同域分布的两种叶型的维西堇菜为材料,通过比较二者的叶片结构、叶绿素含量和光合参数,拟解决以下问题:(1)斑纹的存在是否影响叶片的结构;(2)不同叶型植株对光照的适应范围是否一致;(3)叶片斑纹的存在有何光合适应意义。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 两种叶型维西堇菜采自同域分布的甘肃平凉崆峒山(106°31′8.04″ E、 35°33′20.52″ N,海拔1 712 m),于2020年9月将长势均一的材料移栽至实验室同一光照培养架培养,采取与野外光照时间相同的条件(12 h光照/12 h黑暗)培养1个月,待长出新叶后,各选取10株生长良好且长势一致的植株,对其完全展开的第2~4片新叶(处于同一发育阶段)中大小相当的1片叶子测定光合参数、叶片结构以及叶绿素含量,每种叶型至少4个重复。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 叶片显微结构观察

  • 将新鲜叶表皮撕下制成活体临时装片,统计单位视野内的气孔数目,计算单位面积气孔密度,显微镜(Leica DM6 B)测微尺测量气孔器大小即纵轴长度和横轴长度。选择完全展开的第2至第4片新叶片,FAA固定液固定48 h,经梯度乙醇脱水、二甲苯透明、石蜡包埋,切片机(Leica RM 2255)切片,厚度8 μm,番红固绿染色,中性树胶封片(吕晋慧等,2012)。显微镜下观察拍照,测微尺测量叶片厚度(LT)、栅栏组织厚度(PT)、海绵组织厚度(ST)、上表皮厚度(E)、下表皮厚度(H)。

  • 1.2.2 叶绿素含量测定

  • 叶绿素含量采用丙酮乙醇混合液法(张聪颖等,2011),称取0.05 g完全展开的第2至第4片新叶,置于5 mL乙醇-丙酮混合液中浸提至叶色完全变白色,紫外可见分光光度计(岛津UV-1800型)663、645、470 nm波长下测定吸光值,以Lichtenthaler法计算叶绿素含量,每种叶型重复4次(Lichtenthaler,1987)。

  • 1.2.3 叶片可见光吸收能力的测定

  • 取0.2 g完全展开的第2至第4片新叶剪碎,置于10 mL的1%盐酸-甲醇溶液中浸提5 h,紫外分光光度计波长300~1 100 nm范围内扫描得出吸收光谱(齐建勋,2002)。

  • 1.2.4 光响应曲线以及叶绿素荧光测量

  • 选择一个晴天在8:30—11:30之间,使用GFS 3000便携式光合测量仪的标准光合测定系统和3056FL荧光测定系统进行测量,设定流速为750 μmol·s-1、CO2浓度为400 μmol CO2· mol-1(Mao et al.,2007; 沈宗根等,2010),通过光合测定系统设定光合有效辐射(PAR)为0、20、50、80、100、200、400、600、800、1 000、1 200、1 400、1 600、1 800、2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1条件下测定净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)、蒸腾速率(Tr)等光合指标以及初始荧光(Fo)、最大荧光产量(Fm)、光化学猝灭系数(qP)、非光化学猝灭系数(qN)、PSⅡ最大光化学量子产量(Fv/Fm)、实际光化学反应量子效率(Yield)、表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)等叶绿素荧光指标。每个光强下平衡3 min,测量PAR为0时先暗处理1 h。使用Photosynthesis软件拟合求出LCPLSPPmax、暗呼吸速率(Rd)、表观量子效率(AQE)(宋杰等,2019)。

  • 1.3 数据统计分析

  • 使用Excel 2016和SPSS 22.0软件进行数据统计和分析,采用独立样本t检验差异显著性,Duncan法进行方差分析和多重比较。利用Excel2016和Origin 2018软件作图。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片形态结构

  • 2.1.1 叶片气孔大小和密度比较

  • 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片气孔均为不等型气孔,上表皮气孔排列疏松,气孔主要分布于下表皮,下表皮气孔器显著小于上表皮。有斑叶片上下表皮气孔密度分别显著低于无斑叶片,并且上表皮气孔长宽极显著大于无斑叶片(表1)。

  • 2.1.2 叶片显微结构比较

  • 有斑维西堇菜叶片斑纹主要生长在叶脉部位,图2: b,d为不同叶型维西堇菜叶片横切面,可以看出维西堇菜叶为异面叶类型,近轴面分化为栅栏组织,叶绿体集中分布于栅栏组织细胞中; 远轴面为海绵组织,细胞分散分布,其中叶绿体很少或者没有分布; 上下表皮均为单层细胞且细胞大小不均匀。两种叶片的叶肉细胞分化具有明显差异,有斑叶片的LTH均显著低于无斑叶片(P<0.05),PTPT/ST极显著低于无斑叶片(P<0.01),而两种叶型维西堇菜叶片的STE无显著差异(表2)。

  • 2.2 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片的叶绿素含量及可见光吸收能力比较

  • 两种叶型维西堇菜叶绿素含量如表3所示,无斑叶片叶绿素a(chlorophyll a,Chl a)、叶绿素b(chlorophyll b,Chl b)、胡萝卜素(carotene,Car)、叶绿素(a+b)[Chl(a+b)]含量显著高于有斑叶片(P<0.05),分别高出15.32%、18.98%、22.43%、13.85%,而Chl a/Chl b无明显差异。两种叶型维西堇菜光谱吸收峰均在300~480、630~670 nm之间,具有基本相同的光谱吸收曲线(图3)。

  • 2.3 两种叶型维西堇菜的光合特征比较

  • 2.3.1 光响应曲线

  • 两种叶型维西堇菜PnTrGs光响应曲线如图4所示,PnTrGs起初随PAR增强逐渐增大,当PAR值大于光饱和点后增加幅度变小。有斑叶片的Pmax(9.139 μmol·m-2·s-1)显著低于无斑(11.62 μmol·m-2·s-1)且AQELSP低于无斑叶片,而LCP高于无斑叶片(表4)。

  • 表1 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片气孔密度和大小

  • Table1 Leaf stomata densities and sizes of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 注: 数据以平均值±标准误差表示。*表示有斑、无斑各指标在0.05 水平上差异显著,**表示在0.01 水平上差异显著。下同。

  • Note: Data represent x-±sx-. *means significant differences of each indicator between variegated leaves and non-variegated leaves at 0.05 level, and **means significant differences at 0.01 level. The same below.

  • 图1 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片的气孔形态

  • Fig.1 Lead stomata morphology of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 2.3.2 叶绿素荧光比较

  • 两种叶型维西堇菜叶绿素荧光参数FoFmqPqN值均无显著差异(表5),叶绿素荧光参数Fv/FmYield的光响应曲线一致。PAR在0~200 μmol·m-2·s-1之间两种叶片ETR值无差异,但随PAR增强到400 μmol·m-2·s-1后无斑叶片ETR值高于有斑叶片(图5)。

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 之前的研究表明,具斑纹叶片叶肉细胞的排列顺序及类型与正常叶片存在明显的不同(Tsukaya et al.,2004; Zhang et al.,2009; Sheue et al.,2012)。Chen等(2017)研究发现,Blastuscochinchinensis有斑叶片主要由海绵组织构成,而无斑叶片主要为栅栏组织,而La Rocca等(2011)发现,Arum italicum斑纹叶片的浅色区域只有一层栅栏组织,而深色区域则具有两层栅栏组织。维西堇菜有斑叶片的PT以及PT/ST显著低于无斑叶片,说明其叶片斑纹可能也存在着类似的机制。植物可通过形态和生理的可塑性以适应其生存的光环境,一般认为植物在弱光环境下会出现能量消耗减少、单位面积叶鲜重下降、叶绿素含量降低及叶片变薄的现象,从而确保较大的叶面积,以维持正常的光合作用(Boardman,1977; 何静雯等,2018)。植物叶片的海绵组织细胞增多有利于减少光量子的损失,因此弱光环境下栅栏组织有向海绵组织过渡的趋势(汪越等,2015; 李芯妍等,2017)。气孔密度影响气体扩散并与气孔导度呈正相关,气孔较大以及气孔密度较低是弱光环境下生长植物的特性(陈吉玉等,2019; 盛洁悦等,2020)。本研究中,有斑叶片的叶片厚度、PTPT/ST比值及上下表皮气孔密度均显著低于无斑叶片,而气孔器大于无斑叶片,表现出更适应弱光环境的结构特征。

  • 表2 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片显微结构

  • Table2 Leaf microstructures of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 图2 两种叶型维西堇菜的叶片结构

  • Fig.2 Leaf structures of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 表3 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片的叶绿素含量

  • Table3 Leaf chlorophyll contents of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 图3 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片吸收光谱

  • Fig.3 Leaf absorption spectra of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 光合参数的动态变化体现了植物对环境因子的适应机制,是反映植物对光能利用能力和效率的重要指标(夏国威等,2019)。依据植物对光照强度的需求不同,将植物分为阴生植物、阳生植物和中间型植物,阴生植物通常LCP小于20 μmol·m-2·s-1LSP处于500~1 000 μmol·m-2·s-1之间(蒋高明,2004; 陈晓英等,2020),有斑叶片LCPLSP分别为14.667 μmol·m-2·s-1、620 μmol·m-2·s-1; 无斑叶片LCPLSP分别为9.333 μmol·m-2·s-1、737.3 μmol·m-2·s-1,由此可见,两种叶型维西堇菜均属于阴生植物。光饱和点(LSP)和光补偿点(LCP)分别反映植物叶片对强光和弱光的利用能力,具有较高LSP以及较低LCP的植物光适应能力强(柴胜丰等,2015; Wang et al.,2020)。无斑维西堇菜具有较高的LSP以及较低的LCP,可利用的PAR范围较宽,说明其对强光的利用能力更强。一般来说,较厚的叶片以及发达的栅栏组织有利于吸收光能,可以提高植物的净光合速率以及LSP(Oguchi et al.,2003; 童升洪等,2020),而最大净光合速率(Pmax)与LSP越高的植物对强光利用能力越强(陈晓英等,2020),表明无斑维西堇菜较高的净光合速率可能与其叶片具发达的栅栏组织有关。秦玉芝等(2014)研究发现在弱光环境下,植物叶片厚度以及栅栏组织会变薄,而叶绿素含量、AQELSPPmax等光合指标会显著降低。本研究中有斑叶片叶绿素含量、PTPmax显著低于无斑叶片,且AQE相比无斑叶片有降低趋势,表现出适应弱光环境的特征。

  • 植物的光合色素含量和比例显著影响植物的光合作用及其对环境的适应性,叶绿素是光合作用的光敏催化剂,而类胡萝卜素是活性氧的有效猝灭剂(王俊峰等,2003)。本研究中,除叶绿素a/叶绿素b差异不显著外,无斑叶型植株的叶绿素a和叶绿素b、类胡萝卜素以及总叶绿素含量均高于有斑植株,而一般认为植物栅栏组织中的叶绿体数量要高于海绵组织(王幼芳,2007)。这表明无斑叶片较高的色素含量可能与其发达的栅栏组织有关,其较高的净光合速率也与光能吸收、抗氧化能力密切相关。非环境胁迫条件下PSⅡ 最大光化学量子产量(Fv /Fm)一般在0.80~0.85之间,受到环境胁迫后开始下降,随着PAR逐渐上升,有斑、无斑维西堇菜的Fv /Fm逐渐下降,相同PARFv/Fm无显著差异,因此受到相同程度的光照胁迫(唐星林等,2020)。Chen等(2017)、Sheue等(2012)分别在柏拉木属及秋海棠属植物中也发现了类似的现象,这可能是由于栅栏组织叶绿体的PS I电子传递能力及量子效率均相对较高,而海绵组织叶绿体的PSⅡ量子效率相对较高(Terashima &Inoue,1985; Zhou et al.,2017)导致的两种叶型维西堇菜相近的海绵组织厚度造成了二者的Fv /Fm呈现了类似的趋势。表观光合电子传递速率(ETR)反应了实际光强下的表观电子效率,受到质体醌含量的限制(梁芳等,2010)。本研究结果表明,PAR处于0~400 μmol·m-2·s-1时,相同光照条件下有斑、无斑叶片的ETR无差异,维西堇菜的ETRPAR增加而迅速上升,此时低光强为主要限制因子; 400~2 000 μmol·m-2·s-1之间无斑叶片ETR显著高于有斑叶片,可能与无斑叶片具有较厚的PTPT/ST较高导致栅栏组织叶绿体的PS I电子传递能力及量子效率较高有关,王亚楠等(2020)对紫堇属的研究也得出了相似的结论。

  • 表4 两种叶型维西堇菜叶片光合响应参数

  • Table4 Leaf photosynthetic response parameters of two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 图4 两种叶型维西堇菜PnTrGs光响应曲线

  • Fig.4 Light intensity response curves of Pn, Tr, Gs between two leaf types of Viola monbeigii

  • 表5 两种叶型维西堇菜叶绿素荧光参数的比较

  • Table5 Comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 图5 两种叶型维西堇菜叶绿素荧光参数的比较

  • Fig.5 Comparison of chlorophyll fluorescence parameters between two leaf types of Violamonbeigii

  • 维西堇菜喜生长于林缘光斑生境中,时常面临弱光胁迫。无斑维西堇菜叶片具有较高的叶绿素含量、PTPT/ST、上下表皮气孔密度、ETRPmax,对PAR利用范围较宽,可充分利用环境中有限的资源,保障物种生存; 有斑维西堇菜叶片具适应弱光环境的结构特征以及光合参数,以上结果表明叶片斑纹的出现可能是维西堇菜适应林缘弱光环境的一种策略。

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    • LI FL, BAO WK, 2005. Responses of the morphological and anatomical structure of the plant leaf to environmental change [J]. Chin Bull Bot, (S1): 118-127. [李芳兰, 包维楷, 2005. 植物叶片形态解剖结构对环境变化的响应与适应 [J]. 植物学通报, (S1): 118-127. ]

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    • LICHTENTHALER HK, 1987. Chlorophylls and carotenoids: Pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes [J]. Methods Enzymol, 148: 350-382.

    • LÜ JH, WANG X, FENG YM, et al. , 2012. Effects of shading on the photosynthetic characteristics and anatomical structure of Trollius chinensis Bunge [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 32(19): 6033-6043. [吕晋慧, 王玄, 冯雁梦, 等, 2012. 遮荫对金莲花光合特性和叶片解剖特征的影响 [J]. 生态学报, 32(19): 6033-6043. ]

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    • QIN YZ, XING Z, ZOU JF, et al. , 2014. Effects of sustained weak light on seedling growth and photosynthetic characteristics of potato seedlings [J]. Sci Agric Sin, 47(3): 537-545. [秦玉芝, 邢铮, 邹剑锋, 等, 2014. 持续弱光胁迫对马铃薯苗期生长和光合特性的影响 [J]. 中国农业科学, 47(3): 537-545. ]

    • SHEN ZG, CHEN CQ, WANG LL, 2010. Photosynthesis and chlorophyll fluorescence characteristics of three Dendrobium species [J]. Acta Bot Boreal-Occident Sin, 30(10): 2067-2073. [沈宗根, 陈翠琴, 王岚岚, 等, 2010. 3种石斛光合作用和叶绿素荧光特性的比较研究 [J]. 西北植物学报, 30(10): 2067-2073. ]

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    • SONG J, LI SF, LI SF, et al. , 2019. Effects of shading on photosynthesis and anatomical structure in leaves of Rhododendron [J]. Guihaia, 39(6): 802-811. [宋杰, 李树发, 李世峰, 等, 2019. 遮阴对高山杜鹃叶片解剖和光合特性的影响 [J]. 广西植物, 39(6): 802-811. ]

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    • TSUKAYA H, OKADA H, MOHAMED M, 2004. A novel feature of structural variegation in leaves of the tropical plant Schismatoglottis calyptrata [J]. J Plant Res, 117: 477-480.

    • WANG JF, FENG YL, LI Z, 2003. Acclimation of photosynthesis to growth light intensity in Chromolaena odorata L. and Gynura sp. [J]. J Plant Physiol Mol Biol, 29(6): 542-548. [王俊峰, 冯玉龙, 李志, 2003. 飞机草和兰花菊三七光合作用对生长光强的适应 [J]. 植物生理与分子生物学学报, 29(6): 542-548. ]

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    • WANG Y, BURGESS SJ, DE BECKER EM, et al. , 2020. Photosynthesis in the fleeting shadows: an overlooked opportunity for increasing crop productivity? [J]. Plant J, 101(4): 874-884.

    • WANG YF, LI HQ, MA WL, 2007. The exprimental guide for botany [M]. Guangzhou: South China University of Technology Press. [王幼芳, 李宏庆, 马炜梁, 2007. 植物学实验指导 [M]. 广州: 华南理工大学出版社. ]

    • WNAG YL, 2017. Research on reproductive ecology of Viola monbeigii with dimorphic flowers [D]. Lanzhou: Northwest Normal University. [王亚莉, 2017. 两型花植物维西堇菜的繁殖生态学研究 [D]. 兰州: 西北师范大学. ]

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    • ZHANG Y, HAYASHI T, HOSOKAWA M, et al. , 2009. Metallic lustre and the optical mechanism generated from the leaf surface of Begonia rex Putz. [J]. Sci Hortic Amst, 121: 213-217.

    • ZHEN W, ZHANG FM, 2000. The effects of low light intensity on photosynthetic characteristics and ultrastructure of cucumber functional leaves [J]. Acta Hortic Sin, 27(4): 290-292. [甄伟, 张福墁, 2000. 弱光对黄瓜功能叶片光合特性及超微结构的影响 [J]. 园艺学报, 27(4): 290-292. ]

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