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作者简介:

陈美凤(1995-),硕士研究生,主要从事丛枝菌根真菌多样性研究,(E-mail)1164663182@qq.com。

通讯作者:

何寻阳,博士,研究员,主要从事土壤微生物生态研究,(E-mail)hbhpjhn@isa.ac.cn。

中图分类号:Q948

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)03-0547-10

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202111050

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目录contents

    摘要

    明确丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)侵染率对喀斯特坡地坡位与物种的响应及其关键影响因子,是合理利用土壤AMF促进喀斯特植被恢复的前提。该研究在充分调查喀斯特峰丛洼地典型灌丛坡地环境背景信息的基础上,采用曲利苯蓝染色-镜检法检测并计算典型灌木黄荆(Vitex negundo)、红背山麻杆(Alchornea trewioides)和火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)根系AMF侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度等侵染率参数。结果表明:(1)相同坡位火棘的侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著低于红背山麻杆和黄荆;下坡位黄荆和火棘的侵染强度均高于中、上坡位,而中坡位红背山麻杆的丛枝丰度显著高于上、下坡位(P<0.05)。(2)物种显著影响AMF侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度,坡位显著影响AMF侵染强度,物种与坡位的交互作用仅对AMF丛枝丰度有显著影响(P<0.05)。(3)影响AMF侵染率的关键土壤因子是土壤深度和全钾含量(P<0.05)。因此,合理利用土壤AMF促进喀斯特地区植被恢复需要考虑地形与物种的选择,并应注重兼顾喀斯特地区的水土保持。该研究结果为合理利用土壤AMF和植物的共生关系,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地生态恢复提供了科学依据。

    Abstract

    The response of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) colonization rate to slope position and shrub species in karst slope and the key influencing factors were identified, which is the prerequisite for rational utilization of soil AMF to promote karst vegetation restoration. Based on field investigation of typical shrub communities and environmental variables on slopes of a karst peak cluster depression. The fine root samples of three typical shrub species (Vitex negundo, Alchornea trewioides and Pyracantha fortuneana) were collected from three positions (upper, middle and lower) along three slopes. The frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF colonization were detected and calculated by the Trypan blue-microscope method. The results were as follows: (1) The colonization frequency, colonization intensity and abundance of AMF for Vitex negundo and Alchornea trewioides were higher than those for Pyracantha fortuneana in the same slope. The colonization intensity for Vitex negundo and Pyracantha fortuneana in the lower slope was higher than that in the upper and middle slopes. The abundance of AMF for Alchornea trewioides in the middle slope was significantly higher than that in the upper and lower slopes (P<0.05). (2) Shrub species had significant effect on the colonization frequency, intensity and abundance of AMF, and slope position only had significant effect on the colonization intensity of AMF. Slope position and shrub species had significant interactive effect on the abundance of AMF (P<0.05). (3) Soil depth and total potassium content were identified as the two strongest explanatory factors on AMF colonization rate according to the redundancy analysis (P<0.05). Therefore, the rational use of soil AMF to promote vegetation restoration in karst areas needs to consider the choice of terrain and species, and should pay attention to the water and soil conservation. The results of this study provide a scientific basis for rational utilization of the symbiotic relationship between soil AMF and plants and promoting ecological restoration of karst peak cluster depression.

    关键词

    喀斯特丛枝菌根真菌频度强度丰度

  • 丛枝菌根真菌(arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi,AMF)能与地球上大约80%的植物形成共生体(Smith &Smith,2011),具有扩大根系范围、促进植物养分吸收和提高植物抗旱性等生态功能(米屹东等,2020; Kang et al.,2020; 刘娜等,2021)。因此,AMF在退化或破坏的生态系统恢复重建中得到广泛应用(魏源等,2012)。

  • 西南喀斯特地区岩溶作用强烈,土层浅薄且不连续,生态环境极其脆弱,是我国水土流失最严重的地区之一(黄同丽等,2019); 其退化生态系统恢复最重要的任务是植被恢复(李先琨等,2003)。其中,峰丛洼地是植被恢复最快的地貌类型(Tong et al.,2020),坡地占比超过70%。受地质和地貌背景的制约,引发坡地快速水文过程,喀斯特地区土壤层较薄且不连续,岩溶渗漏致使土层水肥保持能力差、土壤贫瘠(李先琨等,2008)。不同坡位的土壤养分等条件往往存在巨大差异(李先琨等,2003; 梁月明等,2017),显著影响AMF的基本特征,如侵染率(张中峰等,2015; 屈明华等,2021)。侵染率是表征菌根真菌与宿主植物是否建立共生关系的重要指标,主要包含菌根侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度等参数(任禛等,2014)。王淼焱等(2006)研究表明,土壤中磷含量较低时AMF的侵染率较高。同时,AMF作为植物的共生真菌,其宿主植物种类是影响AMF侵染的重要因素(杨康等,2019)。由于不同植物生物学特征与生态习性等方面存在差异,因此必然会影响丛枝菌根真菌对宿主植物的侵染(梁月明等,2018)。例如,红锥和单性木兰根系AMF侵染率显著高于紫弹树(张海波等,2016)、香椿的侵染率显著高于茶条木(张中峰等,2018); 灌丛既是喀斯特峰丛洼地的主要植被类型,又是喀斯特植被恢复的关键阶段(胡芳等,2018); 在喀斯特峰丛洼地坡地,灌木优势植物根系中的AMF侵染率会随坡位而发生改变,这种改变可能会因植物而异。因此,研究喀斯特坡地典型灌木物种AMF侵染率对坡位的响应,对于深入理解植物与AMF互作关系并合理利用AMF促进该区植被恢复具有重要意义。

  • 本文选取广西环江典型喀斯特峰丛洼地的3个坡位(上、中、下坡位)和3个优势灌木物种黄荆(Vitex negundo)、红背山麻杆(Alchorneatrewioides)和火棘(Pyracantha fortuneana)作为研究对象,测定不同坡位的土壤理化性质以及植物根系AMF侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度等侵染率参数,明确坡位与灌木物种对AMF侵染率是否存在交互作用,以及影响AMF侵染率的主要因素,为合理利用土壤AMF和植物的共生关系,促进喀斯特峰丛洼地生态恢复提供科学依据。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 研究区概况

  • 本研究区位于广西壮族自治区环江毛南族自治县中国科学院环江喀斯特生态系统观测站木连峰丛洼地小流域(108°18′—108°19′ E、24°43′—24°44′ N); 属于亚热带季风气候,年平均气温为13℃,年平均降水量为800~1 500 mm,降水的季节分配差异大,夏季雨量较为集中,冬季干旱少雨; 主要土壤类型为石灰土,坡地植被以灌丛为主。

  • 1.2 样地设置和植被调查

  • 在前期充分调研的基础上,于研究区内选择坡向一致(均为西南向)、海拔高度相近且植被群落相似度较高的坡地设置3条样线,并分别于上、中、下3个坡位先设置灌丛群落调查样地(10 m × 10 m),同一样线不同坡位间样地的垂直落差为28~46 m(样地详细信息见表1)。用全站仪将每个样地再划分为4个小样方(5 m × 5 m),于生长旺季7—8月进行植被调查,调查样方内胸径(DBH)≥1 cm 的木本植物(包括藤本),记录其种名、胸径、树高、冠幅等指标; 对胸径DBH< 1 cm 的乔木和灌木幼苗以及草本层植物,简要记录其种名、株数、高度、盖度等特征,并计算物种的重要值,即重要值=(相对多度+相对频度+相对盖度)/3(郑生猛等,2016; 王志学等,2021)。

  • 1.3 目标植物的选择和样品采集

  • 在上述样地中,选择共有优势种黄荆、红背山麻杆、火棘作为目标植物,每个样地中同一物种选择4株生长良好、胸径一致(±0.05 cm)的植株,挖取植物根系。选择直径小于2 mm的细根(梁月明等,2021),充分混匀,取20 g置于塑料自封袋内,暂存于低温冰盒,24 h带回实验室。根系先用清水冲洗2~3次,洗去表面附着的土壤,再用蒸馏水冲洗2~3次,4℃保存(石国玺等,2017),用于AMF侵染率测定。

  • 采用网格法采集表层(0~20 cm)的土壤:将每个10 m × 10 m的样地划分为2 m × 2 m的25个格子,在每个格子顶点用土钻进行采样,共36个点,充分混匀,用四分法分出500 g用于土壤理化性质测定。

  • 表1 本研究样地的概况

  • Table1 General situation of sample plots

  • 注: a 表示黄荆,b 表示红背山麻杆,c 表示火棘。

  • Note: a indicates Vitex negundo, b indicates Alchorneatrewioides, c indicates Pyracantha fortuneana.

  • 1.4 指标和测定方法

  • 1.4.1 AMF侵染率的测定

  • 采用曲利苯蓝染色-镜检法(Muthukumar &Udaiyan,2000),按照常规的操作步骤,先进行透明、酸化、染色、脱色,再选取30条根段进行制片、镜检。根据根段中菌根侵染(分为0、<1%、<10%、<50%、>50%、>90%,对应级别为N0、N1、N2、N3、N4、N5)和泡囊丰度(分为0、较少、较多、非常多,对应级别为A0、A1、A2、A3级别),判断每个根段级别,代表性侵染率状况见图1。输入MYCOCALC软件,计算侵染率的参数侵染频度、侵染强度、丛枝丰度(冯海艳等,2003)。

  • 侵染频度(%):代表所有含有真菌结构的根系占整个根系的比例,其中只要含有一个侵入点的根段就算作侵染根段。

  • 侵染频度 = 侵染根段数 全部的根段数 ×100%
    (1)
  • 侵染强度(%):代表整个根系中AMF结构形成的强度。

  • 侵染强度 =0.95×n5+0.7×n4+0.3×n3+0.05×n2+0.01×n1+0×n0 全部根段数 ×100%
    (2)
  • 式中:n5表示菌根侵染>90%(N5级)的根段数; n4菌根侵染>50%(N4级)的根段数; 以此类推。

  • 丛枝丰度(%):代表菌根化的根系中丛枝结构形成的丰度。

  • 丛枝丰度 =1×mA3+0.5×mA2+0.1×mA1+0×mA0×100%
    (3)
  • mA3=0.95×A35+0.7×A34+0.3×A33+0.05×A32+1×A31+0×A30 被侵染根段数 ×m
    (4)
  • 式中:A35A34A33A32A31A30分别表示泡囊丰度为A3级别的根段中N5、N4、N3、N2、N1、N0根段数; mA2mA1mA0计算方法同mA3; m代表侵染根段的菌根侵染密度。

  • m= 侵染强度 × 全部的根段数 被侵染根段数
    (5)
  • 1.4.2 土壤理化性质的测定

  • 土壤理化性质采用常规方法测定(鲍士旦等,2000)。土壤有机质(soil organic matter,OM)采用重铬酸钾-外加热法; 全氮(total nitrogen,TN)用半微量凯氏法; 全磷(total phosphorus,TP)和速效磷(available phosphorus,AP)用钼锑抗比色法; 全钾(total potassium,TK)和速效钾(available potassium,AK)用火焰光度法; 土壤碱解氮(available nitrogen,AN)用碱解扩散法; pH用Metro320 pH计测定(水土比为2.5∶1); 土壤含水率(water content of soil,WC)用烘干法; 土壤深度用测钎测量; 表层土壤碎石含量(gravel content)用称重法。

  • 1.5 数据处理和统计分析

  • 采用SPSS 26.0软件进行数据的正态性、方差齐性检验,必要时对数据进行转换以满足要求。不同坡位土壤理化性质采用单因素方差分析(one-way ANOVA)并进行多重比较(Duncan); 坡位和灌木物种及两者的交互作用对AMF侵染率各参数影响采用双因素方差分析(two-way ANOVA)方法并进行多重比较(Duncan)。植物的相对密度、多度、频度重要值的计算采用R语言vegan包。采用Canoco 5.0软件进行冗余分析(redundancy analysis,RDA),明确各灌木物种AMF侵染率与环境因子的关系。显著性检验水平α=0.05,图表中数据为平均值±标准差。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 不同坡位土壤理化性质的差异

  • 土壤有机质、全氮、全磷、全钾、pH、含水量和碎石含量在各坡位间均无显著差异(表2)。速效钾含量下坡位显著高于上坡位、中坡位; 速效磷含量中坡位、下坡位显著高于上坡位; 碱解氮含量为下坡位>中坡位>上坡位; 土壤深度下坡位显著高于上坡位。

  • 2.2 AMF侵染状况

  • 对所采集的植物根系通过染色后进行镜检,发现多数能够清晰观察到丛枝菌根的菌丝、泡囊、丛枝等结构。部分胞间菌丝侧向分枝进入到宿主植物细胞内呈二分叉状生长,形成灌木状的丛枝。在黄荆和红背山麻杆根系中能够在皮层细胞的细胞间和细胞内观察到泡囊结构,观察到的泡囊有椭圆形、圆形、长方形和不规则形状等,其中最多的泡囊形状是椭圆形。

  • 黄荆、红背山麻杆、火棘在上、中、下坡位均能被AMF侵染(图版I)。其中,与火棘相比,黄荆(图版I: B)和红背山麻杆(图版I: D,F)根系内能形成较为明显的丛枝菌根结构。

  • 2.3 AMF侵染率的变化特征

  • 同一坡位下,火棘的侵染频度(图1:A)和侵染强度(图1:B)和丛枝丰度(图1:C)均显著低于红背山麻杆、黄荆(P<0.05); 同一物种下,3个优势物种的侵染频度、红背山麻杆的侵染强度以及火棘、黄荆的丛枝丰度在坡位间均无显著差异(P>0.05),黄荆、火棘的侵染强度表现为下坡位显著高于中、上坡位,红背山麻杆的丛枝丰度表现为中坡位显著高于上、下坡位(P<0.05)。

  • 表2 不同坡位土壤的理化性质

  • Table2 Physical and chemical properties of soil in different slope positions

  • 注: 不同小写字母表示该指标不同坡位间差异显著(P<0.05); 仅标识处理间的显著差异。

  • Note: Different lowercase letters indicate significant differences between different slope positions (P<0.05) ; only significant differences between treatments are marked.

  • 2.4 AMF侵染率的影响因素

  • 坡位仅对AMF侵染强度有显著影响(P<0.01),物种显著影响AMF侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度(P<0.01),坡位与物种的交互作用显著影响AMF丛枝丰度(P<0.05)(表3)。

  • 冗余分析结果(图2)表明,第一和第二主变量共解释了71.99%的变异,分别解释了42.14%和29.85%的变异,影响AMF侵染率的主要土壤因子是土壤深度(F=2.8,P=0.034)和全钾含量(F=2.7,P=0.040)。上、下坡位相对聚集,而中坡位较为分散。

  • 由图2可知,黄荆、红背山麻杆的侵染频度,火棘的侵染频度、侵染强度、丛枝丰度分别与土壤深度显著相关,而与土壤全钾显著负相关; 黄荆、红背山麻杆侵染强度与土壤全钾相关性最高,而与土壤深度呈负相关; 黄荆丛枝丰度与土壤深度、土壤全钾相关性较高。

  • 3 讨论

  • 喀斯特地区具有独特的水土二元流失特征,导致坡位间土壤养分差异较大,进而影响土壤微生物的分布(李先琨等,2003; 冯书珍等,2015)。本研究中,坡位对AMF的侵染强度有显著影响,原因可能是喀斯特坡地土壤有机质含量和速效养分表现为下坡位高于上坡位,有机质及养分含量较高利于AMF的生长繁殖,能显著提高AMF对植物根系的侵染强度(王晓英和王冬梅,2009),最终表现为下坡位黄荆、火棘的侵染强度均显著高于上坡位。

  • 物种显著影响AMF的侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度,说明宿主植物种类对AMF具有重要影响。本研究中,黄荆、红背山麻杆的AMF的侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度均高于火棘,可能与不同宿主植物的生物学特征和生态习性差异有关(陈伟立等,2016; 车俭等,2022)。在叶表皮形态上,与火棘相比,黄荆、红背山麻杆具有气孔密度更大、维管组织更发达等特征,有利于减少植物体内水分的散失,并能促进水分运输和营养元素的迁移,更适应岩溶区干旱环境条件(李强和曹建华,2008; 邓彭艳等,2010; 董蕾等,2011)。在根系形态上,黄荆和红背山麻杆根系构型均属于典型叉状分支模式(苏樑等,2018a),而火棘根系为鱼尾形分支模式(吴静等,2022)。其中,叉状分支模式的根系更容易获取表层的土壤养分和水分,在表层土壤中占据更大的空间(苏樑等,2018a),增大根系与土壤AMF的接触面,有利于AMF侵染根系构建共生关系,最终表现为黄荆、红背山麻杆AMF的侵染频度、侵染强度和丛枝丰度均显著高于火棘。

  • 坡位与物种的交互作用显著影响土壤微生物区系,如不同坡位条件下,与植物的群落结构共同影响土壤AMF群落结构(梁月明等,2017)。然而,目前对AMF侵染率影响的研究还较少。在我国西南地区高温多雨气候下,土壤颗粒随降雨后水流由上坡位迁移至较低坡位,养分含量表现为下坡位>中、上坡位(邱虎森等,2013; 彭旭东等,2017)。喀斯特地区独特的岩溶作用使岩石表面形成无数大小不等的凹槽,凹槽聚集于坡面对水分和养分有一定的截留作用,导致不同坡位间水分和养分的时空异质性更为突出(李先琨等,2008; 邱虎森等,2013)。为了适应这种极端的空间资源分配,植物需要发达的根系以扩大水分和养分的吸收面积(李先琨等,2008),这种应对策略能够更好地让植物根系与AMF共生(王森等,2008; 姜攀和王明元,2012)。因此,坡位与物种的交互作用会显著影响AMF侵染率。本研究中,喀斯特坡地坡位及灌木物种的交互作用显著影响AMF丛枝丰度。丛枝丰度综合反映了真菌侵染的根段中丛枝结构出现的频度和侵染强度,代表菌根化的根系中丛枝结构形成的丰富程度(冯海艳,2003)。具体表现为红背山麻杆的丛枝丰度在中坡位显著高于上、下坡位,说明在喀斯特地区菌根化的根系中丛枝结构形成的丰度对坡位与物种的综合效应有较强的响应,在指征AMF侵染率时,AMF丛枝丰度比AMF的侵染频度、侵染强度更为敏感。

  • 图版 Ⅰ 不同灌木物种根系中AMF侵染状况

  • Plate Ⅰ AMF colonization in roots of different shrub species

  • 图1 AMF侵染率对3个坡位和3个物种的响应特征比较

  • Fig.1 Characteristic comparison of AMF colonization rate responded to three slope positions and three species

  • 表3 坡位、灌木物种及两者交互作用对AMF侵染率的影响

  • Table3 Effects of slope positions, species and their interaction on AMF colonization rate

  • 注: 表示P<0.01; 表示P<0.05。

  • Note: indicates P<0.01; indicates P<0.05.

  • 图2 影响AMF侵染率的土壤性质

  • Fig.2 Soil properties affecting AMF colonization rate

  • 土壤深度和全钾含量是喀斯特坡地AMF侵染率的显著影响因子。喀斯特地区缺水、少土,立地条件十分恶劣(李先琨等,2008)。在这种资源贫瘠的生境中,一方面植物需要招募AMF扩大根系获取水分和养分,另一方面不同AMF为获取碳源需要竞争侵染植物根系(郑世学,2006; Sanders &Croll,2010; 刘娜等,2021)。土壤深度的微小差异可能带来植物可利用养分总量显著差别(邱虎森等,2013),直接影响宿主植物的根系分布,进而对植物根系中的菌根侵染率产生影响(苏樑等,2018b)。钾离子是植物细胞中最主要的无机渗透物质,充足的钾可诱导可溶性物质积累,从而降低渗透势,帮助细胞在渗透胁迫下保持膨压,提高植物对干旱胁迫的耐受(Wang et al.,2013)。自然生态系统土壤中的钾主要来源于土壤母质,喀斯特土壤快速的水文过程加剧了钾的流失(邱虎森等,2013)。缺水条件下植物对钾的需求量增大,进一步促进植物与AMF共生(Visentin et al.,2016; 刘娜等,2021)。因此,全钾含量显著既影响喀斯特优势树种根系中AMF的群落组成,也影响AMF侵染率(张海波等,2016)。

  • 4 结论

  • 喀斯特丛枝菌根真菌侵染率同时受坡位与物种的影响,但两者对AMF侵染率的表征参数具有不同的效应,AMF侵染频度主要受物种的影响,侵染强度主要受坡位养分条件的影响,而AMF丛枝丰度同时反映了物种与坡位的综合效应。

  • 土壤深度和全钾含量是影响喀斯特峰丛洼地坡地优势灌木AMF侵染率的显著因子,在喀斯特坡地进行植被恢复时不仅需要考虑植物种类,而且需要考虑喀斯特独特地质背景所控制的水土分布中空间异质性及钾素养分的供给。未来,需要关注植物大量营养钾素的研究,并结合水文过程和养分循环,进一步阐明物种对土壤AMF共生的选择性,量化植物-菌根共生的生态效应,为土壤AMF资源在喀斯特脆弱生境中的植被恢复应用提供科学指导。

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    • WU J, SHENG MY, XIAO HL, et al. , 2022, Fine root architecture of adaptive plants and its correlation with nutrient stoichiometric characteristics of fine root and rhizosphere soils in karst rocky desertification environments, SW China [J]. Acta Ecol Sin, 42(2): 677-687. [吴静, 盛茂银, 肖海龙, 等, 2022. 西南喀斯特石漠化环境适生植物细根构型及其与细根和根际土壤养分计量特征的相关性 [J]. 生态学报, 42(2): 677-687. ]

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