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作者简介:

候师师(1996-),硕士研究生,主要从事海洋中药物质基础与产品开发研究,(E-mail)18434376392@163.com。

通讯作者:

易湘茜,博士,教授,硕士研究生导师,主要从事海洋生物资源应用研究,(E-mail)42672960@qq.com。

中图分类号:Q939.

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)04-0616-10

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202106012

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目录contents

    摘要

    红树生境中微生物菌群丰富,其次生代谢产物结构新颖,是挖掘新型药物的重要来源。该研究利用纯培养技术和16S rRNA分子生物学技术确定细菌种属,并进行物种多样性分析;以HepG2.2.15细胞株为模型,通过MTT和PCR技术测试细菌代谢产物的抗乙肝病毒活性;使用LC-HRMS技术对活性菌株代谢产物进行初步分析,初步评价木榄沉积物、根、叶以及胚轴的可培养细菌多样性以及细菌代谢物生物活性,寻找抗乙肝病毒的药源菌株。结果表明:(1)共获得细菌59种,分属于4门5纲14目23科36属,其中芽孢杆菌为优势菌属;菌株GXIMD07402、GXIMD07665、GXIMD07384分别为Pseudooceanicola属、Thioclava属和Aestuariibaculum属的潜在新种。(2)抗乙肝病毒活性结果显示GXIMD07366、GXIMD07616、GXIMD07384 、GXIMD07550、GXIMD07445X提取物能显著降低HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平(P<0.05),抑制率分别为51%、47%、63%、52%、47%。(3)初步鉴定强活性菌株GXIMD07384的4个主要代谢产物有adenosine、cyclo(L-Pro-L-OMet)、acremine G和7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione。综上认为,木榄生境中可培养细菌物种多样性丰富且含有能产生抗乙肝病毒活性化合物的菌株。该研究结果为后续海洋微生物资源的应用提供了基础。

    Abstract

    Mangrove habitat is rich in microbial flora and its secondary metabolites have novel structure, which is an important source for mining new drugs. This study preliminarily evaluated the culturable bacterial diversity of sediments, roots, leaves and hypocotyls of Bruguiera gymnorhiza and the biological activity of bacterial metabolites, and looked for anti-HBV drug source strains. Pure culture technique and 16S rRNA molecular biology technique were employed to determine the species of bacteria and analyze the species diversity. Using HepG2.2.15 cell line as a model, the anti-HBV activity of bacterial metabolites was tested by MTT and PCR techniques. The secondary metabolites of active bacteria were preliminary analyzed by LC-HRMS technique. The results were as follows: (1) A total of 59 species of bacteria were obtained, belonging to 4 phyla, 5 classes, 14 orders, 23 families, and 36 genera, among which Bacillus was the dominant genus. Strains GXIMD07402, GXIMD07665 and GXIMD07384 were potential new species of Pseudooceanicola, Thioclava and Aestuariibaculum, respectively. (2) The results of anti-HBV activity showed that GXIMD07366, GXIMD07616, GXIMD07384, GXIMD07550 and GXIMD07445X could significantly reduce the level of HBV DNA in the supernatant of HepG2.2.15 cells (P<0.05), and the inhibition rates were 51%, 47%, 63%, 52% and 47%. (3) Four main secondary metabolites of the highly active strain GXIMD07384 were preliminarily identified as Adenosine, Cyclo(L-Pro-L-OMet), Acremine G and 7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine -2,4(1H,3H)-dione. The results of the study confirm that the species diversity of culturable bacteria in the habitat of Bruguiera gymnorhiza is rich, and it contains strains that can produce anti-HBV active compounds, which provide a basis for the subsequent application of marine microbial resources.

  • 红树林是独特的沿海生态系统,物质流、能量流密集,表现出较高的生产力,孕育着庞大的微生物群落,是新物种和多种生物活性化合物的来源(Lin et al.,2019)。细菌作为微生物的最大类群,在工业、医药等方面有着重要价值。Jiang等(2018)从广西北仑口5种红树植物中分离得到101株内生放线菌,包括7株潜在新种,抑菌试验中31株菌显示阳性,其中21株菌对抗性病原体表现出抑制活性。李菲等(2021)从海芒果根际和组织中分离出可培养细菌71株,其中15株菌株具有抗农用真菌活性,其基因组DNA均扩增出至少1种次级代谢产物合成基因。李蜜等(2018)从海南西海岸红树植物中分离得到32株细菌,其中1株为新物种、3株能延缓线虫衰老的活性菌株。红树生境细菌资源丰富,是发现活性天然产物的重要来源,值得我们进一步探索。

  • 乙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis B virus,HBV)是一种嗜肝型DNA病毒,长期感染会引发肝硬化、肝癌,严重危害人类健康(Sarin,2016)。全球乙肝表面抗原(HBV surface antigen,HBsAg)阳性率为3.9%,约2.92亿患者,每年有100多万人死于HBV感染所致的终末期疾病(Razavi-Shearer et al.,2018)。中国普通人群的HBV感染率为6.89%,乙肝病毒患者有8 300万人,每年有30万人因慢性乙型肝炎致死(Wang et al.,2019)。目前,公认治疗乙型肝炎有效的药物主要是干扰素和核苷类药物,但它们在临床应用中存在副作用大、价格昂贵、易耐药以及治愈率低等诸多不足(Zhang et al.,2015; Shi et al.,2017)。因此,寻找新型高效的抗乙肝病毒药物仍为我国亟待解决的难题。木榄(Bruguieragymnorhiza)为红树科木榄属植物,具有清热解毒功效,京族医书有用其主治乙型肝炎的记录(张帅等,2016)。本课题组前期从木榄胚轴中分离得到7个有抑制乙肝病毒复制活性的氰苷类化合物,其IC50值范围为(5.1±0.2)~(87.7±5.8)μg·mL-1(Yi et al.,2015)。然而,由于红树资源的生态价值突出,加之难再生性,使得大规模采集木榄胚轴用于抗乙肝病毒的研究受到制约。而微生物具有菌种易保存、生长周期短、代谢可调控等优点,因此可大规模发酵成为药物开发的战略资源。目前,有关木榄生境中可培养细菌的研究报道较少且多集中于抑菌活性。Ding等(2011)从木榄茎部内生链霉菌Streptomyces sp.中分离得到4个新的安莎霉素类大环内酯化合物divergolides A~D,对Bacillus subtilisMycobacterium vaccae、MRSA和VRE多种细菌有较强的抑制活性。Yan等(2010)从木榄叶中分离得到1株链霉菌Streptomyces albidoflavus,从中分离得到第一个天然的8-乙酰氧基的抗霉素antimycin A18,对植物病原菌有良好的杀菌活性,而抗乙肝病毒活性未见报道。因此,本研究开展木榄生境中可培养细菌物种多样性探索,并测试其代谢产物抗乙肝病毒活性,以期为药用红树资源充分挖掘利用和抗乙肝药物开发提供药源菌株。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 1.1.1 样品

  • 2019年5月在广西北仑河口红树林自然保护区(108°14′11″ E、19°36′55″ N)采集木榄的生境沉积物、根、叶、胚轴样品。对木榄沉积物用灭菌铲挖取深度为5 cm的土壤,对木榄的根、叶、胚轴直接采取后用无菌水冲洗表面,将各样品分装在密封袋内,保存于采样冰盒中,带回实验室处理。

  • 1.1.2 培养基

  • 分离培养基:共10种,包括燕麦培养基(P3)、酪氨酸-天冬酰胺培养基(P7)、海藻糖-脯氨酸培养基(M5)、改良ISP5培养基(M7)、精氨酸-天冬酰胺培养基(M9)、改良淀粉-水解酪素培养基(M10)、棉籽糖-组氨酸培养基(M11)、改良的高氏培养基(AGG)、R2A、2216E,培养基详细配方参考李蜜等(2020)的方法。纯化培养基:改良 ISP2 固体培养基(酵母提取物2.0 g、麦芽提取物2.0 g、葡萄糖2.0 g、琼脂20.0 g和海水1 000 mL)。发酵培养基:改良ISP2液体培养基、含0.1%小球藻的改良ISP2液体培养基。细胞完全培养基:90% DMEM培养基、10%胎牛血清、100 U·mL-1青链霉素。

  • 1.1.3 细胞

  • HepG2.2.15细胞株:广西艾滋病防治研究重点实验室叶力教授惠赠。

  • 1.1.4 试剂

  • Chelex-100树脂、2×Easy Taq Supermix购于美国BioRad公司; 16S rRNA基因扩增引物对27F和1492R购于全式金生物技术有限公司; DMEM培养基、胎牛血清、青链霉素、生物级二甲基亚砜(DMSO)购于美国Gibco公司; 噻唑蓝(MTT)购于美国Sigma公司; 拉米夫定(3TC)购于上海麦克林生化科技有限公司; DNA病毒基因组提取试剂盒购于北京索莱宝科技有限公司(中国,北京); HBV DNA定量测定试剂盒购于湖南圣湘生物科技有限公司; 其他分离培养基用试剂均为国产分析纯。

  • 1.1.5 主要仪器

  • SW-CJ-2F超净工作台(苏州安泰空气技术有限公司); TAdvanced 96PCR扩增仪(Biometra,德国); ZWYP-2102恒温培养振荡器(上海智城分析仪器制造有限公司); HR1500-ⅡB2生物安全柜(青岛海尔生物医疗股份有限公司); MCO-170AICDL-PC全波长多功能酶标仪(Tecan,瑞士); Light Cycler480Ⅱ高通量实时荧光定量PCR系统(Roche,瑞士)。

  • 1.2 方法

  • 1.2.1 样品的预处理

  • 样品处理参考李菲等(2018)的方法。首先将木榄的根、叶、胚轴先用无菌水清洗,然后用75%酒精浸泡2 min,最后用无菌水冲洗除去酒精。取大约2.0 g沉积物样品和木榄各组织样品,分别置于无菌研钵中,加2 mL海水充分研磨,作为样品原液。用无菌海水依次稀释成1×10-3、1×10-4 g·mL-1样液。

  • 1.2.2 木榄生境中可培养细菌的分离纯化

  • 取1×10-3、1×10-4 g·mL-1的样液100 μL均匀涂布于10种分离培养基中,在28℃恒温培养箱中倒置培养2~6周,不同形态的单菌落被挑取后,接种于ISP2培养基,利用三区划线纯化菌株。将生长良好且无污染的菌体保藏于20%(V/V)甘油管中,置于4℃冰箱中短期存放,于-80℃冰箱中长期保存。

  • 1.2.3 细菌的分子生物学鉴定

  • 提取目标菌株的基因组DNA采用Chelex-100 Resin法(周双清等,2010)并参照Walsh等(1991)的方法进行PCR梯度扩增。通用引物27F和1492R用于16S rRNA基因片段的扩增。用1%琼脂糖(m/V)凝胶电泳检测扩增产物后,委托上海美吉生物医药技术有限公司广州分公司完成16S rRNA基因测序。测序结果经SeqMan软件整理,利用EzBioCloud(https://www.ezbiocloud.net/)服务器进行在线分析(Kim et al.,2012)获取同源性最高的典型菌株序列,通过比对进行物种多样性分析,序列相似度<98.65%视为潜在新物种(Kim et al.,2014)。利用Venny在线分析网站,在属级水平上对木榄不同来源细菌类群分布进行韦恩图分析。

  • 1.2.4 菌株代谢产物的制备及代谢产物多样性的筛选

  • 将对数生长期菌株分别接种到两种液体发酵培养基后,于28℃、180 r·min-1摇床发酵培养7 d。发酵液用等体积乙酸乙酯萃取,萃取相经减压浓缩后置于干燥器中低温保存备用。利用HPLC-DAD技术分析菌株代谢产物,初步筛选出代谢产物较为丰富的菌。分别将ISP2液体培养基发酵产物命名为“细菌编号”,含0.1%小球藻的改良ISP2液体培养基发酵产物命名为“细菌编号X”,两份空白培养基对照命名为“GXIMD00000”和“GXIMD00000X”。

  • 1.2.5 菌株代谢产物对HepG2.2.15细胞增殖的影响

  • 对代谢产物较为丰富的菌株进行抗乙肝病毒实验,加生物级DMSO完全溶解后用完全培养基稀释至浓度为500、250、125 μg·mL-1。取对数生长期细胞,调整细胞浓度为5×104个·mL-1,接种于96孔板上,每孔100 μL,贴壁培养24 h后,换入含药培养液,同时设空白组和阳性对照组(100 μg·mL-1 3TC)。培养72 h后吸取上清液,加入5 mg·mL-1 MTT溶液50 μL,37℃孵育4 h,弃去孔内MTT溶液,加入DMSO 100 μL,震荡10 min。在490 nm 波长下测定各孔光吸收值,计算细胞存活率。细胞存活率(%)=(实验组A490值/阴性对照孔A490值)×100%。

  • 1.2.6 检测菌株代谢产物对HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA的影响

  • 选取对细胞增殖无抑制作用的菌株代谢产物进行后续抗乙肝病毒活性实验。取对数生长期HepG2.2.15细胞制成5×105个·mL-1细胞悬浮液,接种于24 孔板上,每孔1 mL,24 h贴壁培养,换入含药培养液。第6天收集细胞上清液,按照病毒DNA制备试剂盒的步骤操作获得高纯度的HBV DNA,运用乙型肝炎核酸定量检测试剂盒检测细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 木榄生境中可培养细菌的多样性分布

  • 2.1.1 木榄可培养细菌的多样性分析

  • 利用10种分离培养基,通过菌株形态学和16S rRNA基因测序技术进行排重,共获得可培养细菌59种(表1)。由表1可知,59种细菌归属于4门5纲14目23科36属,分别为Actinobacteria(放线菌纲)10属15种、Flavobacteria(黄杆菌纲)3属3种、Bacillia(芽孢杆菌纲)6属17种、Alphaproteobacteria(α-变形杆菌纲)10属13种、Gammaproteobacteria(γ-变形菌纲)7属11种。其中,Bacillus(芽孢杆菌属)为本次研究的优势菌属,分离得到菌株9株,占总菌株数的15.3%; Staphylococcus(球菌属)为次优势菌属,共分离得到菌株4株,占比为6.8%。

  • 通过EzBioCloud服务器进行16S rRNA基因序列比对分析,有3株菌株与有效描述的物种表现出低序列相似性(<98.65%),对潜在的新菌株进行了16S rRNA基因的完整测序(>1 330 bp)后,发现GXIMD07402(GenBank登录号:MT613339)与Pseudooceanicolaaestuarii E2-1T的最高相似度为96.33%,GXIMD07665(GenBank登录号:MW709434)与Thioclavapacifica DSM 10166TThioclava marina MPZS01000005T的最高相似度均为96.24%,GXIMD07384与Aestuarii-baculum suncheonense SC17T的最高相似度为98.52%,可能为新的物种。

  • 2.1.2 木榄生境中可培养细菌在样品中的分布

  • 由图1和图2可知,从木榄沉积物分离得到的菌株种类最为丰富,共获得菌株27属40种; 木榄不同组织部位中,根分离得到的菌种数目最多,共获得12属17种; 木榄沉积物是放线菌纲的重要来源,其中10属14种细菌均从木榄沉积物获得,仅Brevibacteriumcasei分离自木榄胚轴; 黄杆菌纲细菌均分离自沉积物和根,γ-变形菌纲细菌除Pseudomonas stutzeri外,其余10种均来源于木榄的沉积物和根部; 从木榄的胚轴、叶分离得到的细菌丰富度较低,从木榄胚轴分离得到菌株7属13种,从木榄叶分离得到最少菌株种类为7属9种。

  • 在属级水平上对木榄生境来源的细菌进行Venny分析,木榄沉积物和木榄各组织中仅存在1个共有菌属Bacillus。沉积物和木榄根含有DemequinaMyroidesBacillusStaphylococcusPseudooceanicolaMicrobulbiferVibrio 7个相同菌属,共有菌属丰富度明显优于沉积物和木榄其他组织部位。

  • 2.1.3 不同培养基对木榄生境中可培养细菌的分离效果

  • 由图3可知,2216E培养基分离得到的菌种数目最多,为24株,菌属分布最为广泛,包括AestuariibaculumBacillusDemequina等11属,2株新菌GXIMD07402和GXIMD07384均分离自该培养基。其次是M7(20种)、R2A(16种)和AGG(15种)培养基,菌属丰富度较高,均分离得到BacillusMicrobulbiferPantoeaStaphylococcusVibrio属菌株。P3和P7得到菌株9属14种和7属10种,另1株新菌GXIMD B331分离自P7培养基。其余4种培养基M5(5种)、M9(8种)、M10(6种)和M11(6种)均分离得到Bacillus、Pantoea属菌株。从菌种数量、菌属丰富度和物种新颖性而言,2216E培养基均为此次分离的最优介质。

  • 表1 木榄生境中可培养细菌的物种组成

  • Table1 Species composition of culturable bacteria in the habitat of Bruguieragymnorhiza

  • 续表1

  • 注: 1-1. 沉积物; 1-2. 根; 1-3. 叶; 1-4. 胚轴。

  • Note: 1-1. Sediment; 1-2. Root; 1-3. Leaf; 1-4. Hypocotyl.

  • 图1 不同样品分离得到的细菌种属

  • Fig.1 Bacterial species and genera isolated from different samples

  • 图2 不同样品可培养细菌属级群类分布韦恩图

  • Fig.2 Venn diagram of the distribution of bacterial genera in different samples

  • 2.2 木榄可培养细菌的抗乙肝病毒活性分析

  • 2.2.1 木榄可培养细菌对HepG2.2.15细胞增殖的影响

  • 表2结果表明,在125 μg·mL-1浓度下,与空白组相比,2份空白培养基作用下的细胞存活率无明显差异,即对细胞无毒副作用(P>0.05)。25份菌株发酵产物中,14份菌株代谢产物对HepG2.2.15细胞无明显的毒副作用,对细胞增殖无明显抑制作用,可以进一步测试14份样品对细胞分泌HBV DNA的抑制作用。

  • 图3 不同培养基的分离效果

  • Fig.3 Bacterial species and genus isolated from different media

  • 2.2.2 木榄可培养细菌对HepG2.2.15细胞分泌HBV DNA的抑制作用

  • 由图4可知,与空白组相比,2份空白培养基对HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平无明显降低作用(P>0.05)。GXIMD07366(Staphylococcus saprophyticus subsp. Saprophyticus)、GXIMD07616(Pararhodobacteraggregans)、GXIMD07384(Aestuariibaculumsuncheonense)、GXIMD07550(Deme-quinasalsinemoris)和GXIMD07445X(Erythrobactecitreus)能显著降低HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平(P<0.05),抑制率分别为51%、47%、63%、52%、47%,GXIMD07384的抗乙肝病毒效果最为显著,与100 μg·mL-1阳性药物3TC作用相比,细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平均有极显著降低(P<0.01)。

  • 2.3 GXIMD07384代谢产物的分析

  • GXIMD07384(Aestuariibaculum sp.)为潜在新物种,其代谢产物能显著抑制HepG2.2.15中HBV DNA复制。利用LC-HRMS分析其主要代谢产物,初步鉴定了4个化合物,保留时间分别为3.8、11.7、14.5、26.1 min,分子离子峰依次为 [M+H]+ 268.104 7、245.095 7、395.181 9和243.089 6,结合各色谱峰的二级质谱图碎片信息,经与文献比对,初步推断化合物为adenosine(Kuchkarova et al.,2020)、cyclo(L-Pro-L-OMet)(Yang et al.,2013)、acremine G(Arnone et al.,2008)和7,8-dimethylbenzo [g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione(杨建香,2015)。

  • 表2 样品对HepG2.2.15细胞增殖的影响(平均值±标准差,n=3)

  • Table2 Proliferation effects of samples on HepG2.2.15 cells (x±s, n=3)

  • 注: 与空白对照组比较,*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01); △表示对细胞无毒副作用组; — 表示细胞抑制率为负值。

  • Note: *indicates significant difference (P<0.05) , **indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01) , compared with blank control group; △ indicates a group of non-toxic side effects; — indicates the cell inhibition rate is negative.

  • 与空白对照组比较,*表示差异显著(P<0.05),**表示差异极显著(P<0.01)。

  • *indicates significant difference (P<0.05) , **indicates extremely significant difference (P<0.01) , compared with blank control group.

  • 图4 细菌代谢产物对HepG2.2.15细胞上清液中HBV DNA的影响

  • Fig.4 Effects of bacterial metabolites on HBV DNA in supernatant of HepG2.2.15 cell

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 红树林蕴藏着丰富而独特的微生物资源,微生物物种多样性的研究,是红树及微生物资源利用的重要内容。然而,海洋中绝大多数微生物尚不能被现有的培养方法和技术进行分离培养,出现这种现象的一个重要原因是天然环境中很多微生物处于休眠状态,该状态是微生物在长期的进化过程中逐渐形成的可逆的低代谢活力的生存模式(Mu et al.,2018)。由于芽孢杆菌属菌株产淀粉酶、蛋白酶、葡聚糖、纤维素酶和几丁质酶等多种生物活性酶,与红树生态系统中高有机质环境相适应,因此其生长状态较为活跃,是红树可培养细菌中研究的优势菌属(孙倩和林海鹏,2015; 赵雅慧等,2018)。本研究对木榄生物样品中可培养细菌进行分离鉴定,共获得细菌59株,隶属于36属,其中芽孢杆菌属为优势菌属。此次实验得到了物种多样性较为丰富的红树细菌,包括3株潜在新物种,隶属于Pseudooceanicola、ThioclavaAestuariibaculum属,目前报道Aestuariibaculum属细菌仅有3种(Jeong et al.,2013; Lee et al.,2013; Jiwon et al.,2018),均分离自海洋生境,从而扩充了红树微生物资源。随着科技进步,自然环境营养成分的检测以及宏基因组测序技术的发展和复苏机制的探讨,可为培养技术提供借鉴,从而发掘出更为丰富的微生物。

  • 红树微生物具有抗菌、抗病毒、抗肿瘤、抗氧化等多种生物活性,是活性天然产物的重要来源(洪葵,2013)。不同红树的微生物类群存在差异,微生物在与宿主植物的长期互作过程中交换信息和遗传物质,从而有着类似或相同的代谢途径,生成相同或相似的活性代谢产物(王景仪等,2020)。本课题组前期研究从木榄植物中分离得到抗乙肝病毒活性化合物,本研究以转染HBV的HepG2.2.15细胞株为模型,发现5株细菌在药物浓度为125 μg·mL-1时,能显著降低细胞上清液中HBV DNA水平,5株活性菌株分别隶属于StaphylococcusPararhodobacterAestuariibaculumDemequinaErythrobacterAestuariibaculum属菌株抗乙肝病毒活性效果极为显著,木榄植物和微生物均能产生抗乙肝病毒活性物质。其中,Staphylococcus属菌株被指出其基因簇ISK-1编码产生的一种免疫蛋白NukH,在宿主免疫中具有协同作用(Sashihara et al.,2013)。Aestuariibaculum属菌株作为稀有菌属的潜在新菌株,抗乙肝病毒活性效果显著,说明在发酵过程中产生了抑制乙肝病毒的强活性代谢产物,因此得到了更多关注。通过高分辨质谱数据初步鉴定了4个主要代谢产物为adenosine、cyclo(L-Pro-L-OMet)、acremine G和7,8-dimethylbenzo[g]pteridine-2,4(1H,3H)-dione。其中,adenosine作为核苷类化合物,已被证实在体外细胞实验中具有抗乙肝病毒活性,EC50值为1.5 μmol·L-1(董春红和常俊标,2005)。活性菌株浓度为125 μg·mL-1,其抑制率达到63%,抗病毒效果强于adenosine,可能因为该菌株代谢产物中含有其他活性成分,二者协同发挥抗病毒作用。然而,其活性菌株的代谢产物和作用机制仍有待进一步研究,植物和微生物的生态学关系也有待进一步探索。

  • 图5 活性菌株GXIMD07384中4个次级代谢产物结构

  • Fig.5 Structures of four secondary metabolites in active strain GXIMD07384

  • 木榄生境中可培养细菌及抗乙肝病毒活性研究内容的开展,为抗乙肝病毒活性药物的发掘提供了新的药用来源,进一步完善了药用红树木榄的微生物物种及其药用价值。

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    • SARIN SK, 2016. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update [J]. Hepatol Int, 10(1): 1-98.

    • SASHIHAR T, KIMURA H, HIGUCHI T, et al. , 2000. A novel lantibiotic, nukacin ISK-1, of Staphylococcus warneri ISK-1: cloning of the structural gene and identification of the structure [J]. J Agric Chem Soc Jpn, 64(11): 2420-2428.

    • SHI H, HAN ZP, LIU J, et al. , 2017. Comparing efficacy of lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, telbivudine, and entecavir in treating nucleoside analogues naïve for HBeAg-negative hepatitis B with medium hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels [J]. Med Sci Monit, 23(1): 5230-5236.

    • SUN Q, LIN HP, 2015. Research status of strains producing cellulase in mangrove environment [J]. Guangdong Chem Ind, 42(18): 119. [孙倩, 林海鹏, 2015. 红树林环境产纤维素酶菌株的研究现状 [J]. 广东化工, 42(18): 119. ]

    • WANG H, MEN PX, XIAO YF, et al. , 2019. Hepatitis B infection in the general population of China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMC Infect Dis, 19: 811.

    • WANG JY, LI MQ, LI YR, et al. , 2014. Research progress on diversity and biological function of endophytic fungi in medicinal plants [J]. Biotic Resour, 42(2): 164-172. [王景仪, 李梦秋, 李艳茹, 等, 2014. 药用植物内生真菌的多样性及生物功能研究进展 [J]. 生物资源, 42(2): 164-172. ]

    • WALSH PS, METZGER DA, HIGUCHI R, 1991. Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material [J]. Biotechniques, 10(4): 506-513.

    • YANG JX, 2015. Metabolites of mangrove endophytic fungus Sk-2 from the South China Sea [J]. J Guilin Norm Coll, 29(4): 170-172. [杨建香, 2015. 南海红树林内生真菌Sk-2代谢产物研究 [J]. 桂林师范高等专科学校学报, 29(4): 170-172. ]

    • YANG XQ, YANG YB, ZHOU H, et al. , 2013. New megastigmane glycoside and alkaloids from Streptomyces sp. YIM 63342 [J]. Nat Prod Res, 27(13): 1191-1196.

    • YAN LL, HAN NN, ZHANG YQ, et al. , 2010. Antimycin A18 produced by an endophytic Streptomyces albidoflavus isolated from a mangrove plant [J]. J Antibiot, 63(5): 259-261.

    • YI XX, DENG JG, GAO CH, et al. , 2015. Four new cyclohexylideneacetonitrile derivatives from the hypocotyl of mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) [J]. Molecules, 20(8): 14565-14575.

    • ZHANG EJ, KOSINSKA A, LU MJ, et al. , 2015. Current status of immunomodulatory therapy in chronic hepatitis B, fifty years after discovery of the virus: Search for the “magic bullet” to kill cccDNA [J]. Antiviral Res, 123: 193-203.

    • ZHANG S, HUANG SS, YANG JF, et al. , 2016. First exploration of Jing nationality medicine [J]. Chin Nat Folk Med, 25(2): 1-2. [张帅, 黄思诗, 杨家福, 等, 2016. 京族医药初探 [J]. 中国民族民间医药, 25(2): 1-2. ]

    • ZHAO YH, ZHANG SL, WU JF, et al. , 2018. Screening the diversity and activity of culturable bacteria isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil at Shankou [J]. J Mar, 40(8): 138-151. [赵雅慧, 张舒琳, 吴家法, 等, 2018. 山口红树林根际土壤可培养细菌多样性及其活性筛选 [J]. 海洋学报, 40(8): 138-151. ]

    • ZHOU SQ, HUANG XL, HUANG DY, et al. , 2010. A rapid method for extracting DNA from actinomycetes by Chelex-100 [J]. Biotechnol Bull, 22(2): 123-125. [周双清, 黄小龙, 黄东益, 等, 2010. Chelex-100 快速提取放线菌DNA作为PCR扩增模板 [J]. 生物技术通报, 22(2): 123-125. ]

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    • RAZAVI-SHERAER D, GAMKRELIDZE I, NGUYEN MH, et al. , 2018. Global prevalence, treatment, and prevention of hepatitis B virus infection in 2016: a modelling study [J]. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol, 3(6): 383-403.

    • SARIN SK, 2016. Asian-Pacific clinical practice guidelines on the management of hepatitis B: a 2015 update [J]. Hepatol Int, 10(1): 1-98.

    • SASHIHAR T, KIMURA H, HIGUCHI T, et al. , 2000. A novel lantibiotic, nukacin ISK-1, of Staphylococcus warneri ISK-1: cloning of the structural gene and identification of the structure [J]. J Agric Chem Soc Jpn, 64(11): 2420-2428.

    • SHI H, HAN ZP, LIU J, et al. , 2017. Comparing efficacy of lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, telbivudine, and entecavir in treating nucleoside analogues naïve for HBeAg-negative hepatitis B with medium hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA levels [J]. Med Sci Monit, 23(1): 5230-5236.

    • SUN Q, LIN HP, 2015. Research status of strains producing cellulase in mangrove environment [J]. Guangdong Chem Ind, 42(18): 119. [孙倩, 林海鹏, 2015. 红树林环境产纤维素酶菌株的研究现状 [J]. 广东化工, 42(18): 119. ]

    • WANG H, MEN PX, XIAO YF, et al. , 2019. Hepatitis B infection in the general population of China: a systematic review and meta-analysis [J]. BMC Infect Dis, 19: 811.

    • WANG JY, LI MQ, LI YR, et al. , 2014. Research progress on diversity and biological function of endophytic fungi in medicinal plants [J]. Biotic Resour, 42(2): 164-172. [王景仪, 李梦秋, 李艳茹, 等, 2014. 药用植物内生真菌的多样性及生物功能研究进展 [J]. 生物资源, 42(2): 164-172. ]

    • WALSH PS, METZGER DA, HIGUCHI R, 1991. Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material [J]. Biotechniques, 10(4): 506-513.

    • YANG JX, 2015. Metabolites of mangrove endophytic fungus Sk-2 from the South China Sea [J]. J Guilin Norm Coll, 29(4): 170-172. [杨建香, 2015. 南海红树林内生真菌Sk-2代谢产物研究 [J]. 桂林师范高等专科学校学报, 29(4): 170-172. ]

    • YANG XQ, YANG YB, ZHOU H, et al. , 2013. New megastigmane glycoside and alkaloids from Streptomyces sp. YIM 63342 [J]. Nat Prod Res, 27(13): 1191-1196.

    • YAN LL, HAN NN, ZHANG YQ, et al. , 2010. Antimycin A18 produced by an endophytic Streptomyces albidoflavus isolated from a mangrove plant [J]. J Antibiot, 63(5): 259-261.

    • YI XX, DENG JG, GAO CH, et al. , 2015. Four new cyclohexylideneacetonitrile derivatives from the hypocotyl of mangrove (Bruguiera gymnorrhiza) [J]. Molecules, 20(8): 14565-14575.

    • ZHANG EJ, KOSINSKA A, LU MJ, et al. , 2015. Current status of immunomodulatory therapy in chronic hepatitis B, fifty years after discovery of the virus: Search for the “magic bullet” to kill cccDNA [J]. Antiviral Res, 123: 193-203.

    • ZHANG S, HUANG SS, YANG JF, et al. , 2016. First exploration of Jing nationality medicine [J]. Chin Nat Folk Med, 25(2): 1-2. [张帅, 黄思诗, 杨家福, 等, 2016. 京族医药初探 [J]. 中国民族民间医药, 25(2): 1-2. ]

    • ZHAO YH, ZHANG SL, WU JF, et al. , 2018. Screening the diversity and activity of culturable bacteria isolated from mangrove rhizosphere soil at Shankou [J]. J Mar, 40(8): 138-151. [赵雅慧, 张舒琳, 吴家法, 等, 2018. 山口红树林根际土壤可培养细菌多样性及其活性筛选 [J]. 海洋学报, 40(8): 138-151. ]

    • ZHOU SQ, HUANG XL, HUANG DY, et al. , 2010. A rapid method for extracting DNA from actinomycetes by Chelex-100 [J]. Biotechnol Bull, 22(2): 123-125. [周双清, 黄小龙, 黄东益, 等, 2010. Chelex-100 快速提取放线菌DNA作为PCR扩增模板 [J]. 生物技术通报, 22(2): 123-125. ]