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作者简介:

任正涛(1996-),硕士研究生,研究方向为植物分类和植物资源学,(E-mail)1562229807@qq.com。

通讯作者:

王焕冲,博士,教授,研究方向为植物分类学,(E-mail)hchwang@ynu.edu.cn。

中图分类号:Q941

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)04-0670-06

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202112077

参考文献
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UOTILA P, 2017. Notes on the morphology and taxonomy of Chenopodiastrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae s. lato), with two new combinations, C. erosum from Australia and C. gracilispicum from China [J]. Ann Bot Fenn, 54(4-6): 345-352.
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目录contents

    摘要

    外来物种的归化和入侵对全球环境和社会发展造成了严重影响,已成为当今各国生物多样性管理和生态保护中所面临的全球性问题。我国是遭受外来入侵危害最为严重的国家之一,在外来物种入侵的预警、管理和治理等方面形势严峻。基于野外调查和文献研究,该文报道了苋科(广义)入侵植物墙生藜[Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch]在中国的新记录。墙生藜原产于地中海地区,现已扩散到欧洲、美洲、非洲和大洋洲的40多个国家,是一种危害较大的外来入侵植物,同时也是我国海关和检验检疫部门明确规定禁止入境的检疫性有害生物,现于云南省昆明市呈贡区发现该外来入侵植物。该文对其形态特征进行了详细描述,简要介绍了其分类历史,并提供了可供鉴定比对的野外生态照片;此外, 对墙生藜可能的传入途径进行了分析,对其危害和风险作了简要评估。该物种的新发现说明我国外来入侵生物的本底调查还存在不足。

    Abstract

    The naturalization and invasion of alien species have caused a serious impact on the global environment and social development, and have become a global problem faced by countries in biodiversity management and ecological conservation. China is one of the countries most seriously affected by alien invasion, and the situation is serious in the early warning, management and governance of alien invasion. Based on field surveys and literature research, Chenopodiastrum murale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila & Borsch, an alien invasive plant of Amaranthaceae sensu lato, is first reported for flora of China. C. murale is native to the Mediterranean region and has spread to more than 40 countries in Europe, America, Africa and Oceania. It is an invasive alien plant with great harm, and it is also clearly prohibited by customs and quarantine departments. This exotic invasive plant is now found in Chenggong District, Kunming City, Yunnan Province. This paper describes the morphological characteristics of the species in detail, as well as brief introduction of its taxonomical history, and provides field ecological photos for identification and comparison. In addition, the possible introduction route of C. murale was analyzed, and its potential harm and invasive risks were briefly assessed. This new record clearly demonstrate that the background survey of Chinese alien invasive plants is still insufficient

    关键词

    中国外来入侵植物新记录苋科墙生藜

  • 外来物种的归化(naturalization)和入侵(invasion)对全球环境和社会发展造成了严重影响,已成为当今世界各国生物多样性管理和生态保护中所面临的全球性问题。据2015年的统计资料,全世界范围内已经有13 168种植物由于人类活动在其自然分布地以外地理区域归化生长,这些归化植物的数量已经相当于全球现存维管植物的3.9%,接近于整个欧洲本土的植物物种数目(Kleunen et a1.,2015)。归化是生物入侵的基本前提,归化植物不断扩散并造成生态危害则被称为入侵植物。归化植物变为入侵植物后,将会给侵入地的生物多样性和农、林、牧、渔业带来极大的危害。20世纪后期,随着我国国际贸易的迅速发展,一些外来植物的入侵风险也随之加剧,加之我国幅员辽阔,地形地貌复杂、气候类型多样、生态环境多样,为众多外来植物的归化和入侵提供了适宜的生境,使得我国成为受外来植物危害最为严重的国家之一(李正跃,2014; 王秋萍等,2019; 马金双等,2020)。

  • 近年来,我国外来植物的调查和研究方面的工作取得了很大的发展,《中国入侵植物名录》(1-5卷)(马金双,2013)、《中国外来入侵植物名录》(马金双和李惠茹,2018)、《中国外来入侵植物志》(马金双等,2020)等著作相继出版。虽然这些著作以入侵为题,但实际上还包括尚处于归化阶段的物种。2019年出版的The Checklist of the Naturalized Plants in China系统总结了中国现有归化植物的现状,全书共记载了933种归化植物,其中云南有分布的种类超过500种,占全国的一半以上(闫小玲等,2012; Yan et al.,2019)。但是,外来植物的调查和研究工作远未完善,本底不清的问题依然存在,近年仍有大量的新入侵或归化植物被持续发现和报道,如白花猫儿菊(Hypochaerisalbiflora)、黄果龙葵(Solanum diphyllum)、二十蕊商陆(Phytolaccaicosandra)、北美黄亚麻(Linum medium)等(王秋萍等,2019; 席辉辉等,2021; 郑子洪等,2021)。

  • 苋科(Amaranthaceae)属于被子植物门石竹目(Caryophyllales),是一个中等偏大的科(Mabberley,2017)。该科范围有广义和狭义之分,广义苋科还包含传统意义上的藜科(Chenopodiaceae)植物。近年来,分子系统学研究已经证实狭义苋科与藜科共同构成单系(APG 2016; Yang et al.,2018; Yao et al.,2019)。但是由于传统藜科里甜菜亚科(Betoideae)和多节草亚科(Polycnemoideae)的系统位置一直没有得到较好的解决,藜科的分类地位仍然存在争议,因此现在的学者普遍接受广义的苋科概念,而将藜科与狭义苋科合并(APG 1998,2003,2009,2016; Mabberley,2017; 陈之端等,2020; Morales-Briones et al.,2021; POWO,2021)。苋科(广义,后同)约有180属2 050~2 500种,主要包括藜属(Chenopodium L.)、苋属(Amaranthus L.)、滨藜属(Atriplex L.)、菠菜属(SpinaciaL.)、青葙属(Celosia L.)、牛膝属(Achyranthes L.)、莲子草属(Alternanthera Forssk.)、千日红属(Gomphrena L.)、千针苋属(Acroglochin Schrad.)等,广泛分布于全世界的温带、热带及亚热带地区(Kadereit et al.,2003)。我国约有苋科植物57属233种,分布于全国各地,以西北干旱和半干旱地区最为丰富(陈之端等,2020)。苋科植物中有许多重要经济植物,但也有许多种类是具有危害性的入侵植物,如喜旱莲子草[Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.]、刺花莲子草(A. pungens Kunth)、刺苋(Amaranthus spinosus L.)、绿穗苋(A. hybridus L.)、反枝苋(A. retroflexusL.)等。

  • 本课题组在开展云南省外来入侵植物的野外调查过程中,在昆明市滇池周边发现了一种新的外来苋科植物,通过认真查阅相关文献资料和仔细研究模式标本照片后,最终确定该植物为麻叶藜属(Chenopodiastrum S. FuentesUotila &Borsch)的墙生藜[C. murale(L.)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch],是一种已经在全世界许多地区广泛扩散的外来入侵植物,在国内为首次发现,现报道如下。

  • 1 墙生藜的形态特征与地理分布

  • 墙生(新拟)(nettleleaf goosefoot)图版I

  • Chenopodiastrummurale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila &Borsch in Willdenowia42 (1) : 14 (2012) .

  • =Chenopodium murale L. in Sp. Pl.1: 219 (1753) .

  • Lectotype [Designated by Brenan in Milne-Redhead &Turrill, Fl. Trop. E Afr., Chenopod.: 7 (1954) ]: ‘Habitat in Europae muris aggeribusque’, Herb. Linn. No.313/6 (LINN!) .

  • 一年生草本,高15~100 cm。茎直立,常具红色或紫色细棱,多分枝,无毛,上部的嫩枝密被白粉。单叶互生,呈三角形、菱形至卵形,长4~8 cm,宽3~5 cm,叶片鲜绿色,先端急尖或渐尖,基部楔形至近圆形,边缘具不规则锐锯齿,上面通常无白粉,下面疏被白粉,嫩叶叶背面粉通常更密; 叶柄长1.0~2.5 cm,绿色或稍带紫色。花序腋生和顶生,通常具分枝,无苞片,簇生的团伞花序在分枝上排列成圆锥花序。花被片5,裂至基部,裂片卵形,黄绿色,先端急尖至钝圆,背面具纵脊,被粉。雄蕊5,花药伸出花被,柱头2。果期花被片宿存,覆盖于果实表面。果皮黑色,贴生于种子表面。种子横生,呈双凸镜状,黑色,表面具细密皱纹。花果期6—9月。

  • 凭证标本:中国(China),云南(Yunnan),昆明(Kunming),呈贡区,滇池边,海晏村,海拔1 840m,102°46′12.7″ E,24°48′44.4″ N,2021-06-30,王焕冲等CG12718(YUKU)。

  • 地理分布:墙生藜原产于地中海地区,包括欧洲南部、北非和西亚等区域,现已经入侵扩散到欧洲、美洲、非洲和大洋洲的40多个国家(Bajwa et al.,2019; CABI,2021)。本研究发现于我国云南省昆明市呈贡区,为中国首次记录。

  • 生境:墙生藜适宜生长于亚热带和热带区域,潮湿且含氮丰富的土壤非常有利于它的生长(Bajwa et al.,2019)。本研究发现的墙生藜生长于海拔1 800~1 900 m间的村庄周边、路旁和弃耕的荒地,在局部地带已经侵入农田菜地。在调查点,墙生藜的主要伴生植物有双荚决明(Cassia bicapsularis(L.)Roxb.)、少花龙葵(Solanum americanum Mill.)、喜旱莲子草(Alternanthera philoxeroides(Mart.)Griseb.)、土荆芥(Dysphaniaambrosioides(L.)Mosyakin &Clemants)、鬼针草(Bidenspilosa L.)、紫茎泽兰[Ageratinaadenophora(Spreng.)R.M.King &H.Robinson]、曼陀罗(Datura stramonium L.)、牛膝菊(Galinsoga parviflora Cav.)、凹头苋(Amaranthus blitumLinnaeus)等农田杂草或外来入侵植物。在所调查的区域中,墙生藜与其伴生的入侵植物相比,具有较强的竞争优势。

  • 传入途径:墙生藜在国内没有引种栽培的记录,并且在国外也没有被当成花卉、药材、或者粮食作物等栽培的报道,因此墙生藜被当成经济植物有意引入国内栽培的可能性较小。墙生藜的胞果和种子较小,极容易混在其他植物种子和植物材料中传播带入。发现墙生藜的区域位于昆明市呈贡区,沿滇池一带是重要的花卉栽培和交易基地,国际贸易发达,有大量的国外花卉品种被引种栽培。因此可以推测,墙生藜很有可能是随着国际贸易无意带入,从而扩散开来。

  • 2 墙生藜的系统分类学

  • 墙生藜最早由瑞典植物学家林奈(Carl von Linné)(1753)将其作为藜属下的物种发表,种加词“murale”含义为“生于墙上的”,因此本文将其中文名称拟为墙生藜。随着分子系统学研究不断深入,近年来逐渐发现传统的藜属并不是一个单系类群(Fuentes-Bazan et al.2012)。Fuentes-Bazan等(2012)将传统藜属拆分为7个属,除保留狭义藜属(Chenopodium s.s.)外,新分立了麻叶藜属(Chenopodiastrum S.Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch)、刺藜属(Teloxys Moq.)、腺毛藜属(Dysphania R.Br.)、球花藜属(BlitumScop.)、多子藜属(Lipandra Moq.)和市藜属(Oxybasis Kar. &Kir.)6个属。其中,麻叶藜属与藜属(狭义)的区别主要是:麻叶藜属植物茎和叶背的囊状毛(粉)在干燥时时完全收缩,在成熟时脱落或稍有宿存,种子具明显的细密皱纹,有时稍起皱或光滑; 而后者幼茎和叶密被球形囊状毛,在干燥时成为杯状,宿存,种子光滑或有条纹和皱纹,有时具细密皱纹(Fuentes-Bazan etal.,2012)。根据Fuentes-Bazan等(2012)研究,墙生藜从藜属新组合到麻叶藜属,其新的拉丁学名为:Chenopodiastrummurale(L.)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch。

  • A,B. 植株; C. 花序; D. 叶(正面); E. 叶(背面); F. 雄花序; G. 雌花(侧面); H. 雄花(正面)。

  • A, B. Habit; C. Inflorescences; D. Adaxial surface of the leaf; E. Abaxial surface of the leaf; F. Staminate inflorescences; G. Staminate flower (lateral view) ; H. Staminate flower (apical view) .

  • 图版 I 墙生藜

  • Plate I Chenopodiastrummurale (L.) S. Fuentes, Uotila &Borsch

  • 现知麻叶藜属全属植物共有8种,其中我国自然分布有3种,分别是杂配藜[Chenopodiastrumhybridum(L.)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch]、阿富汗藜[C. badachschanicum(Tzvelev)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch](Sukhorukov et al.,2019)和细穗藜[C. gracilispicum(H. W. Kung)Uotila](Uotila,2017)。墙生藜与我国广布的杂配藜最为相似,但二者在形态上有明显区别,前者茎上部分枝较多,叶片菱状卵形至宽披针形,叶边缘具不规则锐锯齿,顶端急尖或圆钝,叶基部楔形到圆形,而后者杂配藜的叶片宽卵形至卵状,边缘常3~5浅裂,顶端常渐尖至尾尖,叶基部为圆形、截形或略呈心形。单从外观来看,墙生藜与藜属的藜(Chenopodium album L.)也较为相似,不过根据墙生藜分枝少且短,叶为卵形或菱形,边缘具不规则锐锯齿等特征可将其区别开来。

  • 叶片形态是麻叶藜属植物的一个重要的鉴别特征,本种叶片边缘具不规则的锐锯齿,易与同属植物相区别,与国产的另外3种麻叶藜属植物可通过以下检索表区分。

  • 中国产麻叶藜属(Chenopodiastrum)植物分种检索表

  • 1a. 叶边缘具不规则的锐锯齿······墙生藜 C. murale(L.)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch

  • 1 b. 叶边缘仅具裂片1~3对,不为锐锯齿状······2

  • 2a. 叶片两侧具2~3对裂片,边缘掌状浅裂······杂配藜C. hybridum(L.)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch

  • 2 b. 叶片近基部两侧仅具1对裂片······3

  • 3 a. 植株高不超过30 cm,叶基部宽楔形······

  • ······阿富汗C. badachschanicum(Tzvelev)S. Fuentes,Uotila &Borsch

  • 3b. 植株高40~70 cm,叶基部近截形至心形······细穗藜C. gracilispicum(H. W. Kung)Uotila

  • 3 入侵危害与防治

  • 墙生藜是一个已经在全世界40多个国家扩散的外来入侵物种,具有严重的入侵危害(CABI,2021)。该物种为一年生草本,生长周期短,种子数目多,依靠风力及重力传播,可在不利条件下休眠且能在不同的土壤环境中萌发,因此具有较强的繁殖能力和种群扩散能力。研究表明,墙生藜是一种喜氮植物,并能克服干旱胁迫,非常容易侵入农田生态系统,对蔬菜、谷物、大豆等作物生产造成危害(Bajwa et al.,2019; CABI,2021)。此外,墙生藜自身还能释放次生代谢物质进入土壤,使邻近植物的种子萌发和生长受阻,从而提高自身在自然生态系统中的竞争能力(El-Khatib et al.,2004; Batish et al.,2007; Bajwa et al.,2019)。根据国外学者的报道,对墙生藜的防治主要以物理和化学方法为主。Bajwa等(2019)研究指出,改变作物的耕作方式(如轮作或间作)可在一定程度上减少墙生藜在耕地中生长的数量。在墙生藜开花和结果前的早期生长阶段,可以通过拔除或铲除的物理手段来进行有效的防治。此外,使用除草剂是防治墙生藜最有效的化学方法。有关该物种的生物防治方法还未有报道,有待进一步研究(Bajwa et al.,2019)。

  • 4 讨论与结论

  • 外来生物入侵通常具有潜伏性和隐蔽性的特点,入侵的生态影响可能会随着时间发生巨大的变化,也可能会在一个长时间段“无害”的情况下才显现出来,而这种潜伏与隐蔽的过程会使得对它们早期发现和防控预警非常困难(Jaric et al.,2019)。墙生藜是一个具有较强入侵性的物种,我国国家检验检疫部门已经注意到了墙生藜的入侵危害,并将其列入我国双边议定书规定的检疫性有害生物名单。2018年9月17日国家市场监督管理总局和中国国家标准化管理委员会还专门发布了《墙藜检疫鉴定方法》(GB/T36838—2018)的国家标准。然而,墙生藜还是成功越过我国海关和边境检验检疫的屏障,在云南省中部的昆明市被发现。这充分说明入侵生物的防控,不仅要重视海关和边境检验检疫工作,还需要特别重视全国范围内的入侵生物的本底调查,需要特别关注新的入侵植物,适时进行早期的防控介入,把危害降到最低。

  • 参考文献

    • BAJWA AA, ZULFFIQAR U, SADIA S, et al. , 2019. A global perspective on the biology, impact and management of Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale: two troublesome agricultural and environmental weeds [J]. Environ Sci Poll Res, 26: 5357-5371.

    • BATISH DR, LAVANYA K, SINGH HP et al. , 2007. Phenolic allelochemicals released by Chenopodium murale affect the growth, nodulation and macromolecule content in chickpea and pea [J]. J Plant Growth Regul, 51: 119-128.

    • CABI, 2021. Invasive species Compendium [DS]. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www. cabi. org/isc. Accessed 17 Nov. 2021.

    • CHEN ZD, LU AM, LIU B, et al. , 2020. Tree of life Chinese vascular plant [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [陈之端, 路安民, 刘冰, 等, 2020. 中国维管植物生命之树 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • EL-KHATIB AA, HEGAZY AK, GALAL HK, 2004. Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? [J]. Ann Bot Fenn, 41: 37-45.

    • FUENTES-BAZAN S, UOTILA P, BORSCH T, 2012. A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae) [J]. Willdenowia, 42(1): 5-24.

    • JARIC I, HEGER T, CASTRO MONZON F, et al. 2019. Crypticity in biological invasions [J]. Trend Ecol Evol, 34(4): 291-302.

    • KADEREIT G, BORSCH T, WEISING, et al. , 2003. Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis [J]. Int J Plant Sci, 64: 959-986.

    • KLEUNEN MV, DAWSON W, ESSL F, et al, 2015. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants [J]. Nature 525(3): 100-103.

    • LI ZY, 2014. Prevention and management for invasive alien species in Yunnan [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [李正跃, 2014. 云南外来入侵生物预防与控制 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • MABBERLEY DJ, 2017. Mabberley’s plant-book [M]. UK: Cambridge University Press: 1-1102.

    • MA JS, 2013. The checklist of the Chinese invasive plants [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [马金双, 2013. 中国入侵植物名录 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • MA JS, LI HR, 2018. The Checklist of the alien invasive plants in China [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [马金双, 李惠茹, 2018. 中国外来入侵植物名录 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • MA JS, YAN XL, YAN J, et al. , 2020. Alien invasive flora of China Vol. 1-5[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. [马金双, 闫小玲, 严婧, 等, 2020. 中国外来入侵植物志 (1-5卷) [M]. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社. ]

    • MORALES-BRIONES DF, KADEREIT G, TEFARIKIS DT et al. , 2021. Disentangling sources of gene tree discordance in phylogenomic data sets: testing ancient hybridizations in Amaranthaceae s. l. [J]. Syst Biol, 70(2): 219-235.

    • POWO, 2021. Plants of the world online [DS]. Facilitated by the royal botanic gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http: //www. plantsoftheworldonline. org/Retrieved 08 December 2021.

    • SUKHORUKOV AP, LIU PL, KUSHUNINA M, 2019. Taxonomic revision of Chenopodiaceae in Himalaya and Tibet [J]. PhytoKeys, 116: 1-141.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants [J]. Ann Mo Bot Gard, 85(4): 531-553.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅱ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 141(4): 399-436.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅲ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 161(2): 105-121.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅳ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 181(1): 1-20.

    • UOTILA P, 2017. Notes on the morphology and taxonomy of Chenopodiastrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae s. lato), with two new combinations, C. erosum from Australia and C. gracilispicum from China [J]. Ann Bot Fenn, 54(4-6): 345-352.

    • WANG QP, SHEN W, ZHANG K, et al. , 2019. Hypochaeris albiflora and Solanum diphyllum, two newly naturalized plants in mainland China [J]. Guihaia, 39(12): 1724-1728. [王秋萍, 沈微, 张坤, 等, 2019. 白花猫儿菊和黄果龙葵 —— 中国大陆两种新归化植物 [J]. 广西植物, 39(12): 1724-1728. ]

    • XI HH, WU LX, FENG JQ, et al. , 2021. A new record of naturalized species in mainland China, Phytolacca icosandra L. [J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 30(8): 1555-1560. [席辉辉, 吴丽新, 冯景秋, 等, 2021, 中国大陆地区一种归化植物新记录 —— 二十蕊商陆(Phytolacca icosandra L. ) [J]. 生态环境学报, 30(8): 1555-1560. ]

    • YANG Y, MOORE MJ, BROCKINGTON SF, et al. , 2018. Improved transcriptome sampling pinpoints 26 ancient and more recent polyploidy events in Caryophyllales, including two allopolyploidy events [J]. New Phytol, 217(2): 855-870.

    • YAN XL, WANG ZH, MA JS, 2019. The checklist of the naturalized plants in China [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press: 1-425.

    • YAN XL, SHOU HY, MA JS, 2012. The problem and status of the alien invasive plants in China [J]. Plant Divers Resour, 34(3): 287-313. [闫小玲, 寿海洋, 马金双, 2012. 中国外来入侵植物研究现状及存在的问题 [J]. 植物分类与资源学报, 34(3): 287-313. ]

    • YAO G, JIN JJ, LI HT, et al. , 2019. Plastid phylogenomic insights into the evolution of Caryophyllales [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 134: 74-86.

    • ZHENG ZH, CHEN F, CHEN JB, et al. , 2021. New naturalized plants in Zhejiang Province [J]. J Zhejiang For Sci Technol, 41(6): 91-94. [郑子洪, 陈锋, 陈坚波, 等, 2021. 发现于浙江的2种归化新记录植物 [J]. 浙江林业科技, 41(6): 91-94. ]

  • 参考文献

    • BAJWA AA, ZULFFIQAR U, SADIA S, et al. , 2019. A global perspective on the biology, impact and management of Chenopodium album and Chenopodium murale: two troublesome agricultural and environmental weeds [J]. Environ Sci Poll Res, 26: 5357-5371.

    • BATISH DR, LAVANYA K, SINGH HP et al. , 2007. Phenolic allelochemicals released by Chenopodium murale affect the growth, nodulation and macromolecule content in chickpea and pea [J]. J Plant Growth Regul, 51: 119-128.

    • CABI, 2021. Invasive species Compendium [DS]. Wallingford, UK: CAB International. www. cabi. org/isc. Accessed 17 Nov. 2021.

    • CHEN ZD, LU AM, LIU B, et al. , 2020. Tree of life Chinese vascular plant [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [陈之端, 路安民, 刘冰, 等, 2020. 中国维管植物生命之树 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • EL-KHATIB AA, HEGAZY AK, GALAL HK, 2004. Does allelopathy have a role in the ecology of Chenopodium murale? [J]. Ann Bot Fenn, 41: 37-45.

    • FUENTES-BAZAN S, UOTILA P, BORSCH T, 2012. A novel phylogeny-based generic classification for Chenopodium sensu lato, and a tribal rearrangement of Chenopodioideae (Chenopodiaceae) [J]. Willdenowia, 42(1): 5-24.

    • JARIC I, HEGER T, CASTRO MONZON F, et al. 2019. Crypticity in biological invasions [J]. Trend Ecol Evol, 34(4): 291-302.

    • KADEREIT G, BORSCH T, WEISING, et al. , 2003. Phylogeny of Amaranthaceae and Chenopodiaceae and the evolution of C4 photosynthesis [J]. Int J Plant Sci, 64: 959-986.

    • KLEUNEN MV, DAWSON W, ESSL F, et al, 2015. Global exchange and accumulation of non-native plants [J]. Nature 525(3): 100-103.

    • LI ZY, 2014. Prevention and management for invasive alien species in Yunnan [M]. Beijing: Science Press. [李正跃, 2014. 云南外来入侵生物预防与控制 [M]. 北京: 科学出版社. ]

    • MABBERLEY DJ, 2017. Mabberley’s plant-book [M]. UK: Cambridge University Press: 1-1102.

    • MA JS, 2013. The checklist of the Chinese invasive plants [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [马金双, 2013. 中国入侵植物名录 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • MA JS, LI HR, 2018. The Checklist of the alien invasive plants in China [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press. [马金双, 李惠茹, 2018. 中国外来入侵植物名录 [M]. 北京: 高等教育出版社. ]

    • MA JS, YAN XL, YAN J, et al. , 2020. Alien invasive flora of China Vol. 1-5[M]. Shanghai: Shanghai Jiao Tong University Press. [马金双, 闫小玲, 严婧, 等, 2020. 中国外来入侵植物志 (1-5卷) [M]. 上海: 上海交通大学出版社. ]

    • MORALES-BRIONES DF, KADEREIT G, TEFARIKIS DT et al. , 2021. Disentangling sources of gene tree discordance in phylogenomic data sets: testing ancient hybridizations in Amaranthaceae s. l. [J]. Syst Biol, 70(2): 219-235.

    • POWO, 2021. Plants of the world online [DS]. Facilitated by the royal botanic gardens, Kew. Published on the Internet; http: //www. plantsoftheworldonline. org/Retrieved 08 December 2021.

    • SUKHORUKOV AP, LIU PL, KUSHUNINA M, 2019. Taxonomic revision of Chenopodiaceae in Himalaya and Tibet [J]. PhytoKeys, 116: 1-141.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 1998. An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants [J]. Ann Mo Bot Gard, 85(4): 531-553.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2003. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅱ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 141(4): 399-436.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2009. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅲ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 161(2): 105-121.

    • The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, 2016. An update of the angiosperm phylogeny group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG Ⅳ [J]. Bot J Linn Soc, 181(1): 1-20.

    • UOTILA P, 2017. Notes on the morphology and taxonomy of Chenopodiastrum (Chenopodiaceae/Amaranthaceae s. lato), with two new combinations, C. erosum from Australia and C. gracilispicum from China [J]. Ann Bot Fenn, 54(4-6): 345-352.

    • WANG QP, SHEN W, ZHANG K, et al. , 2019. Hypochaeris albiflora and Solanum diphyllum, two newly naturalized plants in mainland China [J]. Guihaia, 39(12): 1724-1728. [王秋萍, 沈微, 张坤, 等, 2019. 白花猫儿菊和黄果龙葵 —— 中国大陆两种新归化植物 [J]. 广西植物, 39(12): 1724-1728. ]

    • XI HH, WU LX, FENG JQ, et al. , 2021. A new record of naturalized species in mainland China, Phytolacca icosandra L. [J]. Ecol Environ Sci, 30(8): 1555-1560. [席辉辉, 吴丽新, 冯景秋, 等, 2021, 中国大陆地区一种归化植物新记录 —— 二十蕊商陆(Phytolacca icosandra L. ) [J]. 生态环境学报, 30(8): 1555-1560. ]

    • YANG Y, MOORE MJ, BROCKINGTON SF, et al. , 2018. Improved transcriptome sampling pinpoints 26 ancient and more recent polyploidy events in Caryophyllales, including two allopolyploidy events [J]. New Phytol, 217(2): 855-870.

    • YAN XL, WANG ZH, MA JS, 2019. The checklist of the naturalized plants in China [M]. Beijing: Higher Education Press: 1-425.

    • YAN XL, SHOU HY, MA JS, 2012. The problem and status of the alien invasive plants in China [J]. Plant Divers Resour, 34(3): 287-313. [闫小玲, 寿海洋, 马金双, 2012. 中国外来入侵植物研究现状及存在的问题 [J]. 植物分类与资源学报, 34(3): 287-313. ]

    • YAO G, JIN JJ, LI HT, et al. , 2019. Plastid phylogenomic insights into the evolution of Caryophyllales [J]. Mol Phylogenet Evol, 134: 74-86.

    • ZHENG ZH, CHEN F, CHEN JB, et al. , 2021. New naturalized plants in Zhejiang Province [J]. J Zhejiang For Sci Technol, 41(6): 91-94. [郑子洪, 陈锋, 陈坚波, 等, 2021. 发现于浙江的2种归化新记录植物 [J]. 浙江林业科技, 41(6): 91-94. ]