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作者简介:

何柳(1999-),硕士研究生,研究方向为民族植物学和植物资源学,(E-mail)792880140@qq.com。

通讯作者:

龙春林,博士,教授,研究方向为民族植物学和生物多样性,(E-mail)long.chunlin@muc.edu.cn。

中图分类号:Q949.9

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2023)01-0012-09

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202110057

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目录contents

    摘要

    长毛谷(Changmaogu/Oryza sativa)是云南省兰坪白族普米族自治县白族支系拉玛人传统栽植的一个特有的有色稻种,是我国农家品种的典型代表,处于稀有濒危状态,但对该品种的研究较少。为促进长毛谷保护及可持续利用,该研究利用民族植物学及营养学的方法,对兰坪当地有关长毛谷品质特征、传统知识与文化、开发利用现状及存在的问题进行了调查和分析,并测定稀有农家品种长毛谷的营养成分,与普通常见稻种的营养成分进行对比,探究长毛谷的营养价值。结果表明:(1)长毛谷产地的白族支系拉玛人积累了丰富的关于长毛谷的传统知识和文化,包括传统耕作知识、相关历史典故、传统食用知识和种子的交换及保存文化。(2)长毛谷具有高含量的可利用碳水化合物、水分、灰分、总膳食纤维和花青素且含有一定量的原花青素,表明长毛谷具有较高的营养保健价值。综上认为,长毛谷的原生境保护模式可为其他农家品种的保护提供科学参考,有利于长毛谷等农家品种的可持续利用。

    Abstract

    Agrobiodiversity including landraces of crops is extreme significant for global food security and sustainable rural development but it is losing at alarming speed. Only in the remote areas, some of landraces are remained in local agroecosystem. Landraces refer to the traditional resources domesticated by people living in a certain area. They are bred or evolved in the local environments, which can adapt to the local natural and cultural environments. Changmaogu is a unique colored rice landrace planted by Lama people, a branch of Bai, in Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County, Yunnan Province. Changmaogu is a typical representative landrace in China. Due to its lower yield, the cultivation of Changmaogu was controlled in a very limited area in the past few years, which was a very dangerous signal for a major crop. Despite its rare and endangered status, there has been a lack of research on Changmaogu. In order to promote the conservation and sustainable development of this landrace, we investigated and analyzed the quality traits, traditional knowledge and culture, development and utilization status and existing problems of Changmaogu in Lanping, and determined the nutritional components of Changmaogu comparing with those of common rice varieties to explore the nutritional value of Changmaogu, using the methods of ethnobotany and nutrition. The results are as follows: (1) The Lama people, have developed rich traditional knowledge about Changmaogu, including traditional farming knowledge, relevant historical allusions, traditional eating knowledge, seed exchange and conservation culture. They never use chemicals but collect green manures as fertilizer for this landrace. Under the backgrownd of understanding the good characteristics of Changmaogu, the local people continue to grow Changmaogu in the original habitat in a larger scale according to their traditional knowledge and culture. (2) Changmaogu has a high content of available carbohydrates, water, ash, total dietary fiber and anthocyanin, and contains a certain content of procyanidins, indicating that it has excellent nutritional and health care values. This study indicates that the mode of in-situ or on-farm conservation of Changmaogu provides a great reference for the conservation of other landraces, and reveals the fact that the outstanding properties like high nutritional value of Changmaogu will contribute to the sustainable uses of Changmaogu and other landraces.

  • 农家品种(landrace)是指由生活在一定区域内的人群驯化的,在当地环境中选育或演化形成的,能够适应当地独特的自然、文化环境的、具有区别于一般意义上的品种(cultivar)或者正规审定品种(standardized breed or cultivar)的明显地域性的动植物传统遗传资源,或可称为传统品种(traditional variety)、地方品种(local variety)(杨云卉等,2019)。农家品种能够适应边缘化的、特定的、异质的农业生态系统以及复杂多样的环境或生产条件。对于一些生态环境复杂且特殊的偏远地区而言,农家品种仍是当地农业生产和农民生计的重要种源,其对于政府的精准扶贫、乡村振兴工作具有重要意义(何柳等,2020)。它们的一些特性(包括其营养价值、保健和药用价值、芳香、糯性、色泽等)可以满足社会、文化、宗教、习俗和经济的需要。农家品种同时也能为现代育种工作提供重要的优良基因材料,扩大亲本材料的遗传基础,在全球变暖和不断变化的生产条件下,满足适应和演变的需要( Lopes et al.,2015; Jarvis et al.,2016)。

  • 稻谷含有多种营养成分,如膳食纤维、氨基酸、矿物质、蛋白质等(Das et al.,2008),当前世界上大约有一半人口以水稻为主食(Kushwaha et al.,2020)。由于花青素(色素)的作用,稻谷的种皮呈现出了多种不同的颜色(Ahmed et al.,2020)。根据种皮的颜色,稻谷可被分为白米和有色稻米。在高产的水稻品种(主要是白米)出现之前,绝大多数亚洲水稻种植国家保存有多种有色稻米品种,如斯里兰卡、菲律宾、韩国、中国、日本、印度等。这些有色稻米多数是农家品种,其种质的保存得益于当地的文化或仪式习俗等(Sweeney et al.,2006; Kong et al.,2008)。但是,随着世界各国开始种植和消费高产的白米品种,有色农家稻米通常由于产量较低而被较少种植(Colombari Filho et al.,2020; Kushwaha et al.,2020),并且种植面积日益减少,种植现状不容乐观,有些已经或者濒临消失。

  • 长毛谷(Oryza sativa)是云南省兰坪白族普米族自治县拉玛人(白族支系)传统栽培的一个农家有色稻种,是我国数以万计农家品种的一个典型代表。在过去几年里,长毛谷的种植面积一直不到13.33 hm2,这对于一个农作物品种而言是一个非常危险的信号,因此对该种质资源的保护工作迫在眉睫。一方面,农家有色稻种也是当今水稻育种工作的重要材料来源,如果在未完全认清长毛谷品种的优越性前便将其淘汰,将是水稻遗传资源的一个损失; 在文化层面上,长毛谷与当地拉玛人的文化相通相辅,它的消亡也可能会引起当地部分文化信息的隔断,不利于地方传统文化的传承和保护。另一方面,在兰坪白族普米族自治县,由于生态环境的特殊性和复杂性,包括长毛谷在内的一些农家品种仍然是支撑当地农业生产和农民生计的重要种源,对于当地的乡村振兴工作具有重要意义。因此,及时对稀有水稻农家品种长毛谷展开调查,记录其品质特征以及当地拉玛人(白族支系)与种植长毛谷相关的传统知识和文化,调查长毛谷的开发利用现状,对其威胁因素进行分析,对于长毛谷资源的保护、传统文化的传承,以及推进乡村振兴均具有重要意义。

  • 长期以来,水稻育种的研究重点一直集中在提高常规白米稻的生产上,而常常忽视了稻谷营养品质的提升(Rao et al.,2014)。这些高产的白米在营养成分上往往较为缺乏。过度依赖白米的饮食将会导致人体一些营养元素的缺失,如微量元素、膳食纤维等(Mbanjo et al.,2020)。越来越多的研究显示,与白米相比,地方有色稻谷往往含有更丰富的营养成分,同时兼具有一定的药用保健价值(Sweeney et al.,2006; Shao &Bao,2015; Ahmed et al.,2020)。例如,研究表明有色稻谷富含有更多的蛋白质、脂质、膳食纤维、矿物质、维生素和各种植物化学物质(Shao &Bao,2015),具有高功能食品价值。此外,花青素和原花青素的存在也赋予了有色稻谷更高的药用价值(Pinent et al.,2004; Terra et al.,2007; Xu et al.,2007; Zhong et al.,2007; Mussi et al.,2009)。例如,研究表明花青素和原花青素均具有较强的抗氧化能力(Ichikawa et al.,2001; Prior &Gu,2005),而有色稻谷的高抗氧化性将有助于降低心血管疾病、癌症(Xia et al.,2006)、糖尿病(Walter &Marchesan,2011)、缺铁性贫血(王金亭和郭丽,2007)等慢性疾病的风险,为人体提供健康益处。但是,由于缺乏客观的营养成分数据的对比支撑,诸如长毛谷等绝大多数有色农家稻谷的营养保健价值未能得到有效凸显,其商业需求仍然有限,这将不利于长毛谷等有色农家稻谷种质的留存与推广。对于有色稻谷,特别是像长毛谷等一些种植面积趋于消亡的稀有品种,分析其营养成分以寻求合理的推广模式,尤为显得十分重要且极其紧迫。

  • 本研究以云南省兰坪白族普米族自治县的长毛谷种植区为研究区域,依托民族植物学调查和营养化学分析的研究手段,通过收集云南省兰坪白族普米族自治县当地有关长毛谷品质特征、传统知识与文化和开发利用现状的信息,并将长毛谷与常见普通稻谷的营养成分进行对比,拟探讨以下问题:(1)拉玛人对于长毛谷的传统认知如何,是否有与其相关的传统知识与文化;(2)长毛谷的利用现状如何,当前保护工作的优势及威胁因素何在;(3)长毛谷的营养成分含量如何,是否具有市场开发利用前景。

  • 1 研究区域概况与研究方法

  • 1.1 研究区域概况

  • 云南省兰坪白族普米族自治县处滇西北“三江并流”世界自然遗产地的核心区,位于云南西北部,怒江傈僳族自治州的东部,地理坐标为98°58′—98°38′E、26°06′—27°04′N,总面积为4 386.46 km2。兰坪白族普米族自治县境内海拔在1 360~4 354 m之间,相对高度差为3 075.4 m。兰坪白族普米族自治县固定耕地面积为247.28 km2,约占总土地总面积的6%。年平均气温为11.1℃,年降雨量1 000 mm左右。兰坪境内降水丰沛,再加之地表水资源丰富,大小河流共93条,除澜沧江外,主要有29条,蕴藏着极为丰富的水力资源,有利于当地农业的发展。

  • 1.2 民族植物学调查

  • 民族植物学调查于2018年7月至2020年5月在兰坪白族普米族自治县展开。采用关键人物访谈法和半结构式访谈法在兰坪白族普米族自治县的8个乡镇(金顶镇、啦井镇、营盘镇、通甸镇、兔峨乡、河西乡、石登乡和中排乡)对长毛谷的种植利用现状进行了调查。调查的内容包括长毛谷的品质特征、传统知识与文化及开发利用现状。

  • 1.3 营养成分评价

  • 1.3.1 试验材料

  • 长毛谷(Oryza sativa)稻米样品来源于云南省怒江傈僳族自治州兰坪白族普米族自治县,是长毛谷谷粒用普通碾米机加工后的米粒。

  • 1.3.2 试验方法

  • 长毛谷可利用碳水化合物、能量、水分、灰分、蛋白质、总膳食纤维、花青素含量和原花青素含量依照GB 28050—2011、GB 5009.3—2016 第一法、GB 5009.88—2014、NY/T2640—2014和保健食品检验与评价技术规范(2003版)进行检测,见表1。

  • 表1 长毛谷营养成分检测方法

  • Table1 Determination methods of nutritional components in Changmaogu

  • 从已发表文献(高如嵩,1984; 朱文适,1988; 裘凌沧等,1993; 赖来展等,1994; 张名位,2000; 赵则胜和戚家华,2003; 洪秀明和鄢又国,2007; Salgado et al.,2008; Chen et al.,2012; Kushwaha,2016)中整理获得普通稻谷(包括市场常见品种如两广优800、杂交稻种等)、常见黑米和常见红米的营养成分数据,用于与长毛谷营养成分进行对比分析。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 长毛谷的民族植物学调查

  • 2.1.1 拉玛人对长毛谷的认知

  • 长毛谷是由云南省怒江傈僳族自治州兰坪白族普米族自治县的拉玛人(白族支系)传统栽培的一个特有水稻农家品种(图版I)。拉玛人对该传统品种十分了解,从命名到农艺性状的认知、从栽培管理到贮藏和食用,都拥有非常丰富的传统知识。长毛谷的颖果末端有长芒,就像拖着一条长尾巴一样,脱壳后米色多为红色,所以当地人也称其为“长毛红米”。长毛谷对生长环境有一定的要求,适宜湿润的环境和较短的日照,平均种植海拔在2 200 m左右。长毛谷在农历三月育种,农历十月收割,生长期长达7个月,一般亩产为150~200 kg(2 250~3 000 kg·hm-2),比普通稻谷少了一半。其秧苗插下后,不用施肥、喷药和除草,到了收获季节即可收成,因此又被称为“懒人谷”。

  • 现代杂交稻种,一方面对高海拔环境的适应性弱; 另一方面虽然具有高产量的优势,但品质不佳,每年需要重新制种,投入的经济成本也较高。长毛谷产量虽然不高,但它极其稳定,在其种植历史中,已通过长期的自然选择,进化出了与当地环境相适应的抗逆性能,可以长期留种种植,非常方便偏远山区人民栽种。

  • 2.1.2 长毛谷的传统知识与文化

  • 2.1.2.1 传统耕作知识

  • 在耕作环境方面,拉玛人的梯田坐落于山腰,常有高山常绿森林在其之上,他们从碧罗雪山上引水灌田,施以少量的农家化肥(由松枝、玉米秆、猪粪、牛粪、羊粪、绿肥等组成),实现生态种植。白族拉玛人信仰万物有灵,崇拜祖先和自然,因此他们一般在梯田开垦时不会破坏高山森林的生态环境,而是充分利用高山森林来涵养水源,保护土壤。碧罗雪山上的雪水似一个天然水库,参与调节梯田的灌溉; 此外,顺流经过高山森林的雪水也可以给梯田带来许多腐殖质等天然肥料,为水稻种植创造了适宜的生长环境,有利于传统农耕的可持续生态发展。

  • 长毛谷亩产一般为150~200 kg(2 250~3 000 kg·hm-2),在产量上远不如普通稻谷,这也是长毛谷种植受限的重要原因之一。然而,许多高产的稻谷往往对恶劣环境的适应性弱,尤其不适合在贫瘠、高寒地区种植。面对这种情况,拉玛人很好地均衡了低产但高抗的长毛谷和高产但低抗的普通稻谷的优劣性,在肥沃、温暖地区种植普通稻谷,而在应贫瘠、高寒地区种植长毛谷,充分利用了土地资源,最大程度地实现了稻谷的增收,也促进了多种不同属性的稻种在当地的留存。同时,拉玛人也会在梯田同一高度的不同区块内种植不同的水稻品种(例如在长毛谷种植区内种植绿帮谷、白吊谷等农家品种)。这种水稻多品种的混作模式可以有效缓解单一作物品种栽种而导致因病虫害带来的毁灭性风险(Zhu et al.,2000),从而能够有助于降低整体基因库部分基因资源丧失的概率。

  • A. 长毛谷植株; B. 长毛谷稻谷; C. 长毛谷粥。

  • A. Changmaogu plant; B. Changmaogu rice; C. Changmaogu congee.

  • 图版 I 长毛谷示意图

  • Plate I Schematic diagram of Changmaogu

  • 2.1.2.2 历史典故

  • 长毛谷很早就出现在拉玛人口述史中,表明它与拉玛人的文化有着密切的联系。传说远在唐朝时期,白族支系拉玛人为了躲避征丁,从家里带了一把弩弓、长刀和箭筒,顺着澜沧江沿岸一路逃至兰坪。一日,白族拉玛人小伙儿出去打猎倒箭筒时,掉出了一些长毛谷种子在地上,后来到了10月份,大片的稻谷长得比家乡还要丰盛,且都结满了长穗。拉玛人认为长毛谷是自然对族人勤劳质朴品德的恩赐,且兰坪之地也是个产粮的好地方,从此以后便世世代代定居在这里,以种植长毛谷为生。

  • 这种作物与社会发展长久相伴的精神交汇形成了一种依赖性利用的习俗,因此,即便是在农家品种迅速消亡的当今社会,长毛谷依旧在兰坪占据其一席之地。这也是传统文化中的历史典故对于农家品种资源保护的体现。此外,这种与民族发展相伴相生的历史典故也使长毛谷拥有了特殊的精神价值,而进一步赋予了长毛谷在市场上更高的经济价值,从而实现了长毛谷资源保护与农业增收的双赢。

  • 2.1.2.3 传统食用知识

  • 兰坪白族普米族自治县拉玛人通常将长毛谷作为日常饮食食用。除了口感佳以外,他们认为长毛谷还具有比其他稻谷更高的营养价值。此外,也有部分受访人表示他们将长毛谷作为保健食品食用,例如作为孕妇或婴幼儿的佐食或与其他药材共同熬煮等,这是因为他们认为长毛谷有其特有的保健价值。

  • 2.1.2.4 种子的交换及保存文化

  • 农户层面,当地农民会通过自留种、亲戚间交换种子、婚嫁时将种子作为嫁妆等方式实现长毛谷种子的交换。近亲繁殖会对遗传多样性产生负面影(Lee et al.,2019),因此,当地农民之间的种子交换的发生也有助于扩大稻种的亲本来源,以维持农家品种种间和种内的遗传多样性。

  • 2.1.3 长毛谷的开发利用现状

  • 自20世纪60年代的绿色革命以来,科学家利用水稻丰富的杂种优势使得其产量大大提升,但也在相当大的程度上冲击了水稻农家品种的培育和发展,仅以长毛谷为例,因其对生境具有特殊性要求,并且亩产仅是杂交稻谷的一半,便逐渐被当地农民弃种,种植面积日趋减少。

  • 几年前,长毛谷的种植面积不到13.33 hm2,仅由兰坪白族普米族自治县的白族支系拉玛人在中排乡德庆村、营盘镇新华村和拉井镇九龙村少量种植(表2)。

  • 近年来,由于生态农产品受欢迎程度的提高,农家品种作物的需求量持续增高。当前,长毛谷也获批为“云南省绿色食品”品牌,经济价值得以提高。在经济利益的驱动下,兰坪白族普米族自治县的当地农民也有逐渐回归长毛谷种植的趋势,其种植面积微有增加,在原生境从农业耕种层面对该品种进行了一定的保护。但是由于在绝大部分土壤肥沃、气候适宜、水源充足的更适合水稻生长的地区,杂交稻种的种植可能带来更高的经济收入,因此长毛谷的推广种植仍然受限。

  • 表2 兰坪白族普米族自治县各乡镇长毛谷种植情况

  • Table2 Plantation status of Changmaogu in Lanping Bai and Pumi Autonomous County

  • 长毛谷种植地现主要集中在兰坪白族普米族自治县的中排乡德庆村、营盘镇新华村和啦井镇九龙村高寒山区的原生境梯田上,由当地农民种植管理,经合作公司以平均每千克9元的价格收购后精制成生态红米品牌,外销盈利。这种产销一体化的经营模式拓宽了销售渠道,使得长毛谷的种植收益实现增长,一方面通过生态农业的发展给当地带来新的经济刺激点,带给农民更多的收益; 另一方面也形成了生态友好型的农耕模式,以原生境保护的方式持续利用长毛谷等农家品种作物,保护了作物的遗传多样性。

  • 在政府工作层面,近年来,当地依靠政府力量大力宣传“可持续发展”的生态经济理念,加之原有的当地本主崇拜、自然崇拜等民族信仰的熏陶,包括农民、商界等人士越来越重视对于农家品种在其原生境的保护工作,更愿意自发地保留长毛谷等农家品种资源。并且根据当地的“农家品种更有营养”的观念,出于家庭成员的健康考虑,也有农户在当地小面积种植长毛谷等农家品种作物作为家庭的日常饮食来源。

  • 然而,由于外来文化的入侵,兰坪县本土的民族文化逐渐衰弱,同样导致“本主崇拜、自然崇拜”等民族信仰逐渐消失。出于经济利益的考虑,越来越多的农民更自然地选择用能带来更高收入的新品种代替长毛谷等农家品种。年轻人不愿意从事农耕工作,当地农家品种耕种的农业文化持续消亡,农业人口数量也持续下降,不足以维持当地庞大的农家品种资源种植,部分农家品种资源趋于消亡甚至已经消亡。再者,近年来,当地旅游业迅速发展,社会经济正在发生剧烈的变化,不少农家耕种的稻田土地因此发生了功能性的转化,使其顺应了旅游业的大力发展。相关政府机构也未直接针对农家品种种植出台种植补贴等相应的保护政策,农家品种作物的原生境种植仍缺乏政策刺激性。同时,目前仍缺乏对于长毛谷品质特性的科学研究,未有相关数据的发表,其市场推广工作仍缺乏方向性。总体而言,兰坪白族普米族自治县的长毛谷的种植虽然有回升现象,但整体的消亡速率仍不可小视。

  • 2.2 长毛谷的营养成分分析

  • 基于对长毛谷进行民族植物学调查获得的信息,即拉玛人认为长毛谷较其他稻谷更有营养,作为日常主食的同时,也可作为保健品用,本研究在食品学层面对长毛谷的营养成分进行了科学评价。

  • 本研究结果表明,长毛谷稻米的营养成分与常见稻谷的营养成分相比,存在十分明显的优势和特点(表3)。从表3可以看出,长毛谷具有比普通稻谷更丰富的可利用碳水化合物、水分和灰分; 与常见黑米、红米或白米品种相比,长毛谷具有更丰富的总膳食纤维。长毛谷的花青素含量远高于常见红米的花青素含量,与常见黑米的花青素含量较为接近。在长毛谷的花青素中,矢车菊色素的占比最大,含量为176.00 g·(100 g)-1; 飞燕草色素和芍药色素也在长毛谷中被检测到,其含量分别为3.05、3.51 g·(100 g)-1。除此之外,在长毛谷中还检测到了0.15 g·(100 g)-1的原花青素。

  • 3 讨论与结论

  • 3.1 长毛谷的原生境保护

  • 水稻农家品种长毛谷的原生境位于云南省怒江傈僳族自治州兰坪白族普米族自治县,是当地白族拉玛人传统利用的一个水稻农家品种,也是拉玛人勤劳淳朴精神的象征性作物。长期以来,长毛谷一直是当地农业生产和农民生计的重要种源。当地拉玛人利用传统的耕作知识和种子保存文化使得长毛谷种质资源持续在原生境种植而得以流传至今。但是,在当前杂交稻种广泛推广的背景下,长毛谷因其生长期长、产量低的不利特征而推广受阻,种植面积非常小,因此对其的保护工作亟待开展。

  • 表3 长毛谷与常见普通稻谷的营养成分对比

  • Table3 Comparison of nutritional components between Changmaogu and common rice

  • 原生境保护是长毛谷种质资源保护工作的重要特征。原生境保护是一种将作物暴露于可能遭遇病虫害、低温逆境胁迫等不利农业生产环境中的动态保护形式(何柳等,2020)。原生境保护能够对珍稀的农家品种资源进行有效保护,并使其适应变化的环境,这对于保护农业生物多样性和农业生态系统的可持续发展具有重要意义。此外,原生境保护也兼顾了与农家品种相关的传统知识和文化的保护,同样是传统知识和文化传承的重要保护举措。因此,原生境保护应作为对农家品种采取必要保护措施的首选方案之一。

  • 虽然长毛谷的原生境保护工作卓有成效,但目前外来文化的影响、经济利益的冲突、农业劳动力的流失、旅游业的发展、缺乏政策支持和市场推广方向性等因素仍然使得长毛谷资源保护工作受阻。因此,建议在当前原生境保护工作的基础上,地方政府可以采取农业补贴、老农户宣传等手段加强资源保护。同时,定期的种质资源收集也值得提倡(何柳等,2020)。

  • 3.2 长毛谷的营养保健价值

  • 民族植物学调查发现,拉玛人认为长毛谷的营养较其他稻谷更丰富,除了日常饮食外,在日常生活中也将其作为养生食品。基于此信息,本研究利用营养学手段对长毛谷的营养成分评价如下。(1)长毛谷的可利用碳水化合物、水分、灰分均高于普通稻谷的均值,其中经高温灼烧产生的灰分间接代表了稻谷中铝、钙、氯、铁、镁、锰、磷、钾、硅、钠、锌等矿物质(无机盐)的含量(张名位,2000),表明长毛谷具有比市场常见稻谷相近或更优的营养开发价值。(2)就保健价值层面而言,长毛谷也具有高于常见黑米或红米品种均值的总膳食纤维含量。谷类食物中这种高含量的膳食纤维具有多种有利于人体健康的功能,例如,降低患冠心病的风险,减少长期酗酒对胰腺的损害(Yang et al.,2006),降低血液中胆固醇的含量,改善肾切除术患者氮的排泄(Renteria-Flores et al.,2008; Noori et al.,2009)。(3)长毛谷中还含有较高含量的花青素和0.15 g·(100 g)-1的原花青素。花青素类化合物还有一定的生物活性(Putta et al.,2017)。长毛谷中含量最高的花青素为矢车菊素。矢车菊素可以抵御氧化、炎症、肥胖,预防糖尿病,保护心脏,促进血液循环和保护感受器细胞等(张夏南,2016; 韩旭和张兵,2017)。有研究发现,食用含有较高矢车菊素含量的食物可以有效改善黄褐斑症状(刘占云等,2011; 郭祯祥等,2012)。此外,矢车菊素还具有较高的抗癌预防效应。食用富含矢车菊素的食物可以在一定程度上降低癌症等疾病的风险(刘迪等,2021)。同时,原花青素也具备抗氧化、抗炎和抗菌的能力( Prior &Gu,2005),具有防治糖尿病和抗炎以及保护肝脏与胃黏膜等作用(Pinent et al.,2004; Terra et al.,2007; Xu et al.,2007; Zhong et al.,2007)。花青素和原花青素之间也具有协同作用。研究表明,同时含有花青素和原花青素的稻米的抗氧化性是白米的3倍(廖金花等,2015)。因此,同时含有花青素和原花青素的长毛谷具有更高的保健价值。

  • 综上所述,长毛谷具有比市场常见稻谷更高的营养和保健价值。这种营养保健价值是作为农家品种长毛谷的潜在开发优势,表明长毛谷既可作为一种常规的日常食品,又可作为食品增补剂(food supplement)或保健食物(nutraceutical)。此外,营养数据分析也进一步证实了当地百姓对于传统作物的认知具有合理性,这种认知是当地人群经长期实践所归纳得到的经验总结。当在进行农家品种保护工作时,应重视当地流传的一些经验性结论,并采用科学的手段加以验证。长毛谷这种潜在的营养和保健优势也凸显了它的资源价值,其他农家品种也可能存在有类似的特性,而这些特性也是未来良种培育的重要目标,农家品种将成为重要的原始品种。因此,农家品种稻种的保护工作意义重大。

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    • AHMED F, ABRO TF, KABIR MS, et al. , 2020. Rice quality: biochemical composition, eating quality, and cooking quality [M]//COSTA DE OA, PEGORARO C, EBELING VV. The future of rice demand: quality beyond productivity. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 3-24.

    • CHEN M, CHOI S, KOZUKUE N, et al. , 2012. Growth-inhibitory effects of pigmented rice bran extracts and three red bran fractions against human cancer cells: relationships with composition and antioxidative activities [J]. J Agric Food Chem, 60(36): 9151-9161.

    • COLOMBARI FILHO JM, de ABREU AG, PEREIRA JA, 2020. Red rice [M]//COSTA DE OA, PEGORARO C, EBELING VV. The future of rice demand: quality beyond productivity. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 283-296.

    • DAS M, GUPTA S, KAPOOR V, et al. , 2008. Enzymatic polishing of rice — a new processing technology [J]. LWT-Food Sci Technol, 41(10): 2079-2084.

    • GAO RS, 1984. Main nutritional components and utilization value of black rice in Shaanxi Province [J]. J NW A & F Univ, 6(1): 97-101. [高如嵩, 1984. 陕西黑米的主要营养成分及其利用价值 [J]. 西北农林科技大学学报, 6(1): 97-101. ]

    • GUO ZX, ZHAO YL, HAN XX, et al. , 2012. Optimization of extraction process and determination of black bean pigment [J]. Farm Mach, (9): 70-73. [郭祯祥, 赵艳丽, 韩小贤, 等, 2012. 黑豆色素的提取工艺优化及成分的分析测定 [J]. 农业机械, (9): 70-73. ]

    • HAN X, ZHANG B, 2017. Research progress of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in the treatment of ischemic stroke [J]. Chin J Cerebrovasc Dis, 14(2): 110-112. [韩旭, 张兵, 2017. 矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷治疗缺血性卒中的研究进展 [J]. 中国脑血管病杂志, 14(2): 110-112. ]

    • HE L, SONG YJ, LONG CL, 2020. Genetic diversity of rice landraces in Yuanyang Hani terraced rice fields under in-situ conservation: research progress [J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 36(10): 87-94. [何柳, 宋英杰, 龙春林, 2020. 哈尼梯田水稻农家品种遗传多样性的原生境保护研究进展 [J]. 中国农学通报, 36(10): 87-94. ]

    • HONG XM, YAN YG, 2007. Quality evaluation, processing and utilization of high quality rice [M]. Wuhan: Hubei Science and Technology Press: 42-52. [洪秀明, 鄢又国, 2007. 优质稻米品质评价及其加工与利用 [M]. 武汉: 湖北科学技术出版社: 42-52. ]

    • ICHIKAWA H, ICHIYANAGI T, XU B, et al. , 2001. Antioxidant activity of anthocyanin extract from purple black rice [J]. J Med Food, 4(4): 211-218.

    • JARVIS D, HODGKIN T, BROWN A, et al. , 2016. Crop genetic diversity in the field and on the farm [M]. New Haven & London: Yale University Press.

    • KONG LY, WANG Y, CAO YH, 2008. Determination of myo-inositol and D-chiro-inositol in black rice bran by capillary electrophoresis with electrochemical detection [J]. J Food Compos Anal, 21(6): 501-504.

    • KUSHWAHA UKS, 2016. Black, brown, and red rices [M]//KUSHWAHA UKS. Black rice: research, history and development. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 85-100.

    • KUSHWAHA UKS, DEO I, SINGH NK, et al. , 2020. Black rice (Oryza sativa L. ) breeding [M]//COSTA DE OA, PEGORARO C, EBELING VV. The future of rice demand: quality beyond productivity. Cham: Springer International Publishing: 227-250.

    • LAI LZ, ZHANG MW, PENG ZM, et al. , 1994. Evaluation and utilization of black rice germplasm resources [J]. Crop Var Resour, (Z1): 58-64. [赖来展, 张名位, 彭仲明, 等, 1994. 黑米种质资源的评价与利用研究 [J]. 作物品种资源, (Z1): 58-64. ]

    • LEE S, PARK H, KIM B, et al. , 2019. An unexpected genetic diversity pattern and a complex demographic history of a rare medicinal herb, Chinese asparagus (Asparagus cochinchinensis) in Korea [J]. Sci Rep-Uk, 9(1): 9757-9769.

    • LIAO JH, LIU ZH, ZHU JQ, 2015. Research progress in anthocyanin and proanthocyanidins of rice pericarp [J]. Seed, 34(9): 47-53. [廖金花, 刘泽厚, 朱建清, 2015. 水稻种皮花青素和原花青素合成相关研究进展 [J]. 种子, 34(9): 47-53. ]

    • LIU D, ZHANG H, ZHANG HX, et al. , 2021. Research progress on biological activity and antioxidant function of anthocyanins and cyanidins [J]. J Jilin Med Univ, 42(1): 58-60. [刘迪, 张浩, 张寒雪, 等, 2021. 花青素和矢车菊素的生物活性及抗氧化功能研究进展 [J]. 吉林医药学院学报, 42(1): 58-60. ]

    • LIU ZY, LIU XQ, BAI SF, et al. , 2011. HPLC determination of cyanidin-3-O-glucoside in black soybean hulls grown in different regions of China [J]. Food Sci, 32(18): 256-259. [刘占云, 刘晓秋, 白淑芳, 等, 2011. HPLC法测定不同产地黑豆皮中矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷的含量 [J]. 食品科学, 32(18): 256-259. ]

    • LOPES M, EL-BASYONI I, BAENZIGER P, et al. , 2015. Exploiting genetic diversity from landraces in wheat breeding for adaptation to climate change [J]. J Exp Bot, 66(12): 3477-3486.

    • MBANJO EGN, KRETZSCHMAR T, JONES H, et al. , 2020. The genetic basis and nutritional benefits of pigmented rice grain [J]. Front Genet, 11: 229.

    • MUSSI N, MASSARETTO I, PASCUAL C, et al. , 2009. Comparative study of phenolic compounds in different Brazilian rice (Oryza sativa L. ) genotypes [J]. J Food Compos Anal, 22(5): 405-409.

    • NOORI N, NAFAR M, POORREZAGHOLI F, et al. , 2009. Dietary intakes of fiber and magnesium and incidence of metabolic syndrome in first year after renal transplantation [J]. J Renal Nutr, 20(2): 101-111.

    • PINENT M, BLAY M, BLADÉ C, et al. , 2004. Grape seed-derived procyanidins have an antihyperglycemic effect in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats and insulinomimetic activity in insulin-sensitive cell lines [J]. Endocrinology, 145(11): 4985-4990.

    • PRIOR R, GU L, 2005. Occurrence and biological significant of proanthocyanidins in the American diet [J]. Phytochemistry, 66(18): 2264-2280.

    • PUTTA DS, YARLA NS, KILARI E, et al. , 2017. Preventive and therapeutic potentials of anthocyanins in diabetes and associated complications [J]. Curr Med Chem, 25(39): 5347-5371.

    • QIU LC, PAN J, DUAN BW, 1993. The mineral nutrient component and characteristics of color and white brown rice [J]. Chin J Rice Sci , 7(2): 95-100. [裘凌沧, 潘军, 段彬伍, 1993. 有色米及白米矿质元素营养特征 [J]. 中国水稻科学, 7(2): 95-100. ]

    • RAO YC, LI YY, QIAN Q, 2014. Recent progress on molecular breeding of rice in China [J]. Plant Cell Rep, 33(4): 551-564.

    • RENTERIA-FLORES J, JOHNSTON L, SHURSON G, et al. , 2008. Effect of soluble and insoluble fiber on energy digestibility, nitrogen retention, and fiber digestibility of diets fed to gestating sows [J]. J Anim Sci, 86(10): 2568-2575.

    • SALGADO JM, ANDERSON GCO, de BORA NM, et al. , 2008. Comparisions of total antioxidants of red rice, black rice and black sticky rice [J]. J Nutr, 43(2): 16-21.

    • SHAO YF, BAO JS, 2015. Polyphenols in whole rice grain: genetic diversity and health benefits [J]. Food Chem, 180: 86-97.

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