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作者简介:

汪雪影(1997-),硕士研究生,主要从事风景园林植物研究,(E-mail)xueying_wangwsn97@alumni.sjtu.edu.cn。

通讯作者:

刘群录,博士,副教授,主要从事风景园林植物研究,(E-mail)liuql@sjtu.edu.cn;

秦俊,博士,教授级高级工程师,主要从事园林植物应用研究,(E-mail)qinjun03@126.com。

中图分类号:Q945.1

文献标识码:A

文章编号:1000-3142(2022)11-1971-09

DOI:10.11931/guihaia.gxzw202103068

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目录contents

    摘要

    为指导绣球容器苗的合理施肥,该研究以两年生盆栽绣球‘花手鞠’(Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’)为材料,利用“3414”平衡施肥设计,研究了氮(N)、磷(P)、钾(K)三种肥料的4个水平(N、K2O:0、4、8、12 g·plant-1;P2O5:0、1.5、3.0、4.5 g·plant-1)对‘花手鞠’生长及植物养分状况的影响,并利用临界浓度法确定适宜的施肥量,为绣球容器苗的科学施肥提供依据。结果表明:(1)在氮(N)肥处理中,‘花手鞠’苗高、蓬径、植物生长指数(PGI)、地上部分及全株生物量均随施肥量升高呈上升趋势,当施肥量超过“2”水平时,这些指标升高不再显著,或略有下降。(2)低水平磷(P)肥(P1)和低水平钾(K)肥(K1)有利于绣球‘花手鞠’生物量的积累。(3)绣球‘花手鞠’叶片和茎中的养分含量均随N、P、K施肥量的增加而升高,而根系中K含量随K肥水平的升高变化不显著,与对照无显著差异。(4)根据临界浓度法确定绣球‘花手鞠’叶片中N和P的适宜范围分别为35.31~46.64 g·kg-1和1.88~2.28 g·kg-1。综合考虑养分含量、植物生长指标及生产成本,盆栽绣球N、P、K肥适宜的用量为N2(8 g N·plant-1)、P1(1.5 g P2O5·plant-1)和K1(4 g K2O·plant-1)。

    Abstract

    In order to guide the rational fertilization of potted Hydrangea macrophylla, the effects of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) at four levels (N, K2O: 0, 4, 8, 12 g·plant-1; P2O5: 0, 1.5, 3.0, 4.5 g·plan-1) on growth and nutrient status of two-year-old potted H. macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ were investigated by the balanced fertilization design of “3414” method. The optimal fertilization dosage was determined by critical concentration method to provide evidence for rational fertilization of potted ‘Hanatemari’. The results were as follows: (1) N fertilization treatments, all of the seedling height, canopy diameter, plant growth index (PGI), aboveground and whole plant biomasses of ‘Hanatemari’ increased with the increasing of N fertilization dosage, while these parameters did not change significantly or slightly decreased as the N fertilization dosage exceeded Level 2. (2) Low-level fertilization treatments of P (P1) and K (K1) were beneficial to the biomass accumulation of ‘Hanatemari’. (3) The nutrient contents in leaves and stems of H. macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ increased with the increasing of N, P and K fertilization dosages. However, the contents of K in roots did not change significantly with the increasing of K fertilization levels, and there were no significant differences from the control. (4) According to the critical concentration method, the suitable contents of N in H. macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ leaves ranged from 35.31 to 46.64 g·kg-1, and P ranged from 1.88 to 2.28 g·kg-1. Considering nutrient content, PGI and production cost, the optimal fertilization dosages of N, P and K for H. macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ are N2 (8 g N·plant-1), P1 (1.5 g P2O5·plant-1) and K1 (4 g K2O·plant-1), respectively.

  • 绣球(Hydrangea macrophylla)为绣球花科(Hydrangeaceae)绣球属(Hydrangea)落叶灌木,其花色丰富、花序硕大,是大众所喜爱的一种观赏植物(赵冰,2016; 陈有民,2017; Alexander,2017)。为满足市场对盆栽绣球苗的需求,加速优质种苗的生产,合理施肥是一项重要的生产措施。

  • 施肥是改变植物体内养分含量和生长发育的有效措施(张文君,2012)。其中,氮(nitrogen,N)、磷(phosphorus,P)、钾(potassium,K)是园林植物生长发育中的三大必需营养元素(Katsuya et al.,2017)。三种肥料的合理配施可以促进植物生长发育及植株抗病能力,进而提高园林植物的观赏和经济价值(王华荣和马文婷,2012)。朱报著等(2020)对杜鹃红山茶(Camellia azalea)苗期元素进行了诊断,发现杜鹃红山茶对N肥和K肥的反应比对P肥更为敏感。刘晨等(2019)对微型月季(Rosa chinensis minima)的研究结果表明,在不同肥料模式处理下其营养元素含量、生长指标等显著提高,观赏品质也有所提升。在切花菊‘秦怀玉莲’(Chrysanthemum morifolium ‘Qinhuaiyulian’)研究中,不同水平的N、P、K处理中N2P1K2和N3P2K1是适宜的处理,切花菊的生长品质和养分有效利用率都较好(方馨妍等,2020)。因此,肥料的合理用量与配施可直接影响植物生长和养分含量等指标,提高园林植物观赏和经济价值,有利于园林植物的栽培养护,而不合理的肥料用量会抑制生长。

  • 近年来,与绣球相关的研究多集中在花色相关基因的表达分析(陈旦旦等,2020; 薛超,2020)、新品种快速繁殖(郭超,2015)、铝胁迫(李叶华等,2020)、切花保鲜(杨景雅等,2018)等方面。施肥的相关研究主要集中在商品肥料对切花品质的影响(王培等,2019); N肥对绣球生长和养分吸收的影响(Bi et al.,2008; Li et al.,2019); 缓释P肥对绣球生长的影响(Shreckhise et al.,2019); N和K水平及交互作用对切花绣球生长和开花影响的田间实验(Thaneshwari &Gupta,2017)。而定量研究N、P、K 三种肥料的施肥效应,特别是盆栽绣球的养分研究还相对欠缺,这一定程度上制约了绣球规模化生产和应用。

  • “3414”施肥试验设计已经广泛应用于农作物的施肥研究中,在园林植物中也开始有所应用(张文君等,2009; 金冬雪等,2021)。此试验设计可进行单因素和多因素肥料效应分析,确定植物N、P、K肥的适宜用量。本研究的材料为‘花手鞠’(Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’),是引自日本的优良品种,在实践中有较多应用。该品种具有重瓣、花序直立、不易倒伏的优良性状(陆文佳,2018),还具有较强的抗性(潘月等,2021; 凌瑞等,2021)。本研究采用“3414”试验设计,研究N、P、K肥对盆栽绣球生长和养分浓度的影响,探究施肥与植株生长和各器官养分浓度的关系,确定绣球代表品种‘花手鞠’最适的N、P、K肥施用水平,旨在为盆栽条件下绣球养分管理及N、P、K精准配方施肥提供科学依据。

  • 1 材料与方法

  • 1.1 材料

  • 本次施肥试验于2020年3月至8月在上海辰山植物园隔离苗圃内(121°48′ E,31°22′ N)展开,场地位于上海市西南部的松江区,属于亚热带季风气候,年均气温18.5℃,试验期间苗圃的温度范围为8~36℃。

  • 供试材料为‘花手鞠’( Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’)两年生苗,购于杭州画境种业公司。栽植容器的上口直径26 cm,下口直径20 cm,高度26 cm,基质填充深度20 cm。盆栽基质为田园土∶草炭∶珍珠岩 = 3∶6∶1(体积比)(李向林等,2004)。基质的基本理化性质为pH 6.68,全N 30.03 mg·kg-1、全P 8.31 mg·kg-1、全K 654.07 mg·kg-1、碱解N 13.93 mg·kg-1、速效P 1.36 mg·kg-1、速效K 14.99 mg·kg-1。试验所用N肥为尿素(含N 46.6%),P肥为过磷酸钙(含P2O5 14.5%),K肥为硫酸钾(含K2O 54.1%),购于国药集团,均为化学分析纯。根据植物的生长节律和肥料的物理性质,N肥和K肥分7次,溶于水后施入,施肥间隔约为15 d。P肥分3次,固体施入,其中第一次作为基肥施入总P肥量的50%,后两次分别在初花期和盛花期,各施入25%。为了防止雨水等其他环境因素造成的肥料流失等问题,盆栽苗底部配有托盘,全部置于四周通风的透明塑料棚下,覆以50%遮荫率的遮荫网。

  • 1.2 试验方法

  • 1.2.1 试验设计

  • 采用“3414”肥料试验设计,N、P、K 3个因素,每个因素有“0、1、2、3”4个水平,共计14个处理(表1)。其中,“2”水平是试验预设的最佳施肥量,“1”水平为“2”水平的一半,“3”水平为“2”水平的1.5倍(王圣瑞等,2002)。采用随机区组设计,每个处理设置3个重复,每个重复10株苗,共计420株。具体每个施肥处理的试验设计和肥料用量见表1。

  • 表1 “3414”施肥试验设计与肥料用量

  • Table1 “3414” fertilizing experimental design and fertilization dosages

  • 1.2.2 生长指标的测定及计算

  • 苗木的高和蓬径于最后一次施肥半个月(8月4日)后进行测定。测定蓬径时选择两个垂直方向,其中一个为最宽的方向,求其平均值。

  • 每个处理取生长良好的植株6株,共取样84株,进行叶、茎、根生物量的测定。

  • 地上部分生物量=叶生物量+茎生物量;

  • 植物生长指数(plant growth index,PGI)=(株高+蓬径1+蓬径2)/3;

  • 根冠比=地下部分生物量/地上部分生物量。

  • 1.2.3 养分含量测量

  • 将烘干后的根、茎、叶干样分别研磨,过100目筛,称取0.2 g。浓硫酸消解,用凯式定氮仪测定植物样品中的N含量(Kjeltec 8100,FOSS公司,丹麦)。用浓硝酸消解过滤后,采用原子吸收光谱仪(PE公司,美国)对植物叶、茎、根中的全P、全K进行测定。

  • 1.3 数据分析

  • 采用Excel 2019对原始数据进行初步整理; 运用SPSS 25.0进行单因素方差分析(ANOVA),并进行Duncan多重比较及Person相关性分析。采用Origin Pro 8.5绘图。

  • 根据植株生物量和叶片N、P、K含量拟合一元二次方程,并进行显著性检验。计算95%最大植株生物量对应的各器官养分含量,应用临界浓度法确定‘花手鞠’推荐施肥量范围(李毓琦等,2021)。

  • 2 结果与分析

  • 2.1 施肥对‘花手鞠’苗木生长的影响

  • 由表2可知,N肥处理的株高随施肥量增加呈递增趋势,均显著高于对照处理(P<0.05),并在N3水平取得最大值,但与N1和N2处理差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着施肥量的增加,蓬径和PGI呈先升高后降低的趋势。除N0处理外,其他N肥处理均能显著提高植株蓬径和PGI(P<0.05),并在N2水平达到最大值,分别比对照高87.04%和86.03%。N肥的施用显著提高了‘花手鞠’地上部分和整株生物量(P<0.05),且均在N3处理取得最大值,“2”“3”水平间差异不显著(P>0.05)。随着N肥用量的增加,根冠比呈递减趋势,除N0处理根冠比显著高于对照外(P<0.05),其他处理根冠比均显著低于对照处理(P<0.05),说明施用N肥使养分更多地向地上部分分配,从而增加地上部分生物量,但在一定N肥用量的范围内(N0~N2),根系生物量并未显著增加(P>0.05),从而导致根冠比下降。

  • 随着P肥用量的增加,植株苗高、PGI、地上部分生物量及植株生物量均呈先上升后下降的趋势,且均在P1水平取得最大值,较对照分别高117.65%、102.86%、218.26%和143.60%。与对照相比,P肥处理的根冠比显著降低(P<0.05); 而在各含P处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。说明P肥用量不是影响‘花手鞠’养分分配的关键因素。

  • 不同K肥用量对株高、蓬径、PGI、根冠比均无显著影响(P>0.05)。说明在试验条件下,K肥用量不是影响‘花手鞠’生长的一个重要因素。

  • 2.2 施肥对‘花手鞠’叶、茎、根养分含量的影响

  • 2.2.1 施肥对‘花手鞠’叶片养分含量的影响

  • 由图1可知,随着N、P、K肥用量的增加,‘花手鞠’叶中相应的养分含量随之增加,均在“3”水平取得最大值。与“0”水平相比,N3处理的叶片N含量提高了361.51%,P3处理的P含量提高了123.47%,K3处理的K含量提高了258.19%。方差分析结果表明,除“0”水平外,其他水平施肥处理的叶片养分含量均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。叶片P和K含量在“2”和“3”水平时差异不显著(P>0.05),而叶片N含量在各水平间均有显著差异。

  • 2.2.2 施肥对‘花手鞠’茎养分含量的影响

  • ‘花手鞠’茎中营养元素含量如图2所示。随着肥料用量的增加,茎中相应元素的含量呈递增趋势。茎中N、P含量在“2”“3”水平间差异不显著(P>0.05)。茎中N、P、K含量的最大值分别为27.33、3.77、22.62 g·kg-1,与对照相比分别提高了468.08%、315.2%和104.40%。

  • 2.2.3 施肥对‘花手鞠’根养分含量的影响

  • 由图3可知,根中N含量在N0处理与对照处理间无显著差异(P>0.05),其他N肥处理则显著高于对照(P<0.05),N2与N3处理间无显著差异(P>0.05)。根中P含量随P肥用量增加呈上升趋势,在P2处理达到最高值,P2和P3处理间无显著差异(P>0.05),但均显著高于对照(P<0.05)。K0~K3处理的根K含量均低于对照,K肥的用量变化对根系K含量无显著影响(P>0.05)。

  • 2.3 ‘花手鞠’适宜施肥量的确定

  • 利用‘花手鞠’叶片中N、P、K含量与生物量及PGI绘制散点图,并拟合养分指标与生物量和PGI的一元二次方程(图4)。由图4和表3可知,方程和显著性检验结果综合判断,六个方程中叶片N含量与植株生物量及PGI、P含量与植株生物量的模型拟合成功,适合作为确定适宜施肥量范围的依据。以这两条养分含量与生物量抛物线上最大生物量的95%对应的叶片养分含量作为最适含量范围和临界值,得出‘花手鞠’苗木叶片N、P含量的临界值分别为35.31、1.88 g·kg-1,N和P的最适含量范围分别为35.31~46.64 g·kg-1和1.88~2.28 g·kg-1。根据叶片N、P含量推断绣球‘花手鞠’的最适施N量范围为N2~N3(8~12 g N·plant-1)、适宜P肥用量为P1(1.5 g P2O5·plant-1)。K肥相关方程拟合的曲线关系均不显著(P>0.05),故无法确定K肥的用量范围,本试验中设计的K肥用量均未达到抑制生长植株生长的程度。

  • 3 讨论

  • N是叶绿素和核酸等的植物体内重要物质的组成成分,对植物的生长发育具有重要作用。绣球分枝数量多、生长旺盛,决定了其对N的需求量大(Thaneshwari &Gupta,2017)。在本研究中,N肥显著促进了‘花手鞠’的生长。在一定N肥用量范围内,株高和PGI等生长指标随N肥用量的增加呈递增趋势。N2和N3处理生长指标间差异不显著,即当N肥用量从每株8 g增加至每株12 g时,对‘花手鞠’的促生长作用不再显著。绣球‘梅里特至尊’的施肥试验中也有相似的结果,各生长指标值在高N肥处理中显著优于低N肥处理,但15、20 mmol·L-1用量下PGI和干重等差异不显著(Li et al.,2019)。此类结果在杜鹃花(Rhododendron ‘Cannon’s Double’)中也有报道(Bi et al.,2007)。

  • 表2 不同水平氮、磷、钾施肥处理间绣球‘花手鞠’生长比较

  • Table2 Comparisons of different growth performances of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ under different fertilization levels of N, P and K

  • 注: 同列不同小写字母表示差异显著(P<0.05)。

  • Note: Different lowercase letters within the same column indicate significant differences (P<0.05) .

  • 图1 施肥处理下绣球‘花手鞠’叶片养分含量

  • Fig.1 Nutrient contents of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ leaves under different fertilization treatments

  • 图2 施肥处理下绣球‘花手鞠’茎养分含量

  • Fig.2 Nutrient contents of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ stems under different fertilization treatments

  • 图3 施肥处理下绣球‘花手鞠’根养分含量

  • Fig.3 Nutrient contents of Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ roots under different fertilization treatments

  • P是核酸、能量物质、辅酶等的重要组成成分,可以促进蛋白质和纤维素等的合成,是促进植物生长发育的“品质元素”。在本研究中,P肥对绣球‘花手鞠’的株高和全株生物量有显著促进作用,均在P1处理达到最大值; 而P肥仅对灯盏花株高有显著影响,对植株鲜重影响不显著(赵峥等,2005); 对空气凤梨P肥仅增加了叶面积(王姗等,2014),说明不同植物对P肥有不同的响应。

  • K参与蛋白质的合成、蛋白质和碳水化合物的代谢,也参与快速细胞分裂和分化。K肥施用对绣球生长具有显著促进作用,全株生物量在低水平K处理(K1)中取得最大值。Thaneshwari和Gupta(2017)也发现适量的K肥可促进绣球的生长。陈洪国(2009)在桂花的施肥研究中发现,K肥的过量使用会影响其他养分吸收,进而使得养分平衡失调,影响开花品质。因此,在施用足量N肥的同时,要适量配施K肥和P肥。

  • 养分含量是评价植物生长的重要指标(Graciano et al.,2006; Oliet et al.,2009)。叶片能明显反映养分供应情况,在营养诊断中叶片的营养状况是最重要的量化指标(唐菁等,2005)。‘花手鞠’叶片N含量随施肥水平升高而显著增加。P、K处理叶片中的相应元素含量在“2”“3”水平间差异不显著,说明“2”水平的P、K施肥量可满足‘花手鞠’对P、K的需求。

  • 本研究中,当N肥用量超过“2”水平后,再增加N肥用量,养分浓度升高,生物量不再显著增加; 随着P肥用量增加,养分含量递增,但生物量在超过P1处理后产生极显著下降,K肥与P肥有相似的规律,也在K1处理处出现生物量的转折点。这可用Timmer(1997)提出的稳态营养模型理论进行解释。在“贫养期”(dificiency),植物的生物量和体内的养分积累量均随施肥增加而增加,逐渐达到“养分充足”(sufficiency)状态。此后,持续提供养分,生物量增加不再显著,进入平台期,而植物体内养分浓度持续升高。此时植物进入“奢养消耗”(luxury consumption)阶段,在此阶段植株积累了充足的营养,可提高植物的抗逆能力及移栽成活率。继续提供养分,则会造成养分过多,产生“养分毒害”。

  • 图4 绣球‘花手鞠’叶片N、P、K含量与生物量和PGI的关系

  • Fig.4 Quadratic relationships between biomass and PGI and N, P, K contents of leaves in Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ seedlings

  • 表3 绣球‘花手鞠’叶片N、P、K含量与生物量及PGI的回归方程

  • Table3 Regressive equations between biomass or PGI and N, P, K contents of leaves in Hydrangea macrophylla ‘Hanatemari’ seedlings

  • 4 结论

  • 根据施肥对盆栽绣球生长的影响进行模型拟合,并结合肥料经济效益和环保因素考虑,两年生‘花手鞠’盆栽苗的N、P、K肥适用量分别确定为N2(8 g N·plant-1)、P1(1.5 g P2O5·plant-1)和K1(4 g K2O·plant-1)。

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    • WANG S, BAO HP, WANG QZ, et al. , 2014. Effects of N, P, K proportion on vegetative growth and florescence of Tillandsia stricta [J]. Chin Agric Sci Bull, 30(16): 221-225. [王姗, 鲍华鹏, 王全智, 等, 2014. N, P, K对铁兰属植物Tillandsia stricta生长与开花的影响 [J]. 中国农学通报, 30(16): 221-225. ]

    • WANG SR, CHEN XP, GAO XZ, et al. , 2002. Study on simulation of “3414” fertilizer experiments [J]. J Plant Nutr Fert, 4(8): 409-413. [王圣瑞, 陈新平, 高祥照, 等, 2002. “3414”肥料试验模型拟合的探讨 [J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 4(8): 409-413. ]

    • XUE C, 2020. Gene cloning of foundation study of flower color related transcription factor HymMYB2 in Hydrangea macrophylla [D]. Changsha: Central South University of Forestry and Technology. [薛超, 2020. 绣球花花色相关转录因子HymMYB2的克隆及功能研究 [D]. 长沙: 中南林业科技大学. ]

    • YANG JY, ZHAO YJ, ZHANG J, et al. , 2020. Study on the technology of postharvest preservation of cut flower of Hydrangea kuhnert [J]. Heilongjiang Agric Sci, (2): 61-71. [杨景雅, 赵艳娟, 张静, 等, 2020. 绣球切花采后保鲜技术的研究 [J]. 黑龙江农业科学, (2): 61-71. ]

    • ZHAO B, 2016. Chinese hydrangea [M]. Beijing: China Forestry Press: 26. [赵冰, 2016. 中国八仙花 [M]. 北京: 中国林业出版社: 26. ]

    • ZHANG WJ, LU JW, JIANG ZP, et al. , 2009. Effects of N, P, K fertilizer application and recommendation for Petunia hybrida Vilm. in pot experiments [J]. Plant Nutr Fert, 15(5): 1147-1153. [张文君, 鲁剑巍, 蒋志平, 等, 2009. 盆栽矮牵牛氮、磷、钾肥效应及推荐用量研究 [J]. 植物营养与肥料学报, 15(5): 1147-1153. ]

    • ZHANG WJ, 2012. Mineral nutrition of Perunia hybrida Vilm. : growth, blooming and fertilizer recommendation [D]. Wuhan: Huazhong Agricultural University: 3-5. [张文君, 2012. 矿质营养对矮牵牛生长开花的影响与推荐施肥研究 [D]. 武汉: 华中农业大学: 3-5. ]

    • ZHAO Z, GONG S, DUAN CL, et al. , 2005. Effects of different N, P and K levels on growth and photosynthetic pigment contents of Erigeron breviscapus [J]. J Yunnan Agric Univ, 20(5): 676-679. [赵峥, 龚苏, 段承俐, 等, 2005. 氮、磷、钾对灯盏花生长发育及光合色素含量的影响 [J]. 云南农业大学学报, 20(5): 676-679. ]

    • ZHU BZ, YANG HX, PAN W, et al. , 2020. The DRIS nutrient diagnosis analysis of N, P, K in Camellia azalea under different fertilization proportions [J]. Subtrop Plant Sci, 49(1): 21-26. [朱报著, 杨会肖, 潘文, 等, 2020. 不同施肥处理杜鹃红山茶N, P, K元素的DRIS营养诊断 [J]. 亚热带植物科学, 49(1): 21-26. ]

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