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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2025, Vol.45, No.3
  • Publication date：2025-03-25
【Recommended article】LUO Maofang et al. Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.

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Current Issue 2025,Vol.45,No.3

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    • 2025,No.3 PDF(whole issue)
      2025,45(3)    [Abstract](32)    [PDF]()
    • 2025,No.3 Cover
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    • 2025,No.3 Contents
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      • Review
    • XU Weibin, LIU Yan*, WEI Fanan
      Compilation and research journey of “Flora of Guangxi” — Also discussing the development vision for plant taxonomy and related disciplines in Guangxi
      Guangxi is located in the south of China, with complex geology, diverse terrain, and abundant biodiversity, also serving as a vital ecological barrier in southern China. Since its establishment in 1935, Guangxi Institute of Botany has been dedicated to finding out the background of plant resources in Guangxi all the time, conducting extensive field surveys across all the region, and accumulated approximately 600 000 plant specimens. It established the largest collection of herbarium(International code IBK)for Guangxi, and jointly completed the compilation and publication of all six volumes of “Flora of Guangxi” with 28 institutes or universities inside and outside of Guangxi. This flora includes 307 families, 2 073 genera, and 9 051 species(including infraspecies)of vascular plants in Guangxi, marking the first comprehensive and systematic description for plant diversity of Guangxi in a large-scale. This article introduces the basic information and compilation features of “Flora of Guangxi”, systematically reviews the winding course of its compilation and research journey, which is divided into three stages for introduction, and briefly introduces the evaluations from peers and various honors received by “Flora of Guangxi”. Looking back at history and forward to the future, combining with the modern development trends of botanical disciplines also, the author briefly discusses the development vision for plant taxonomy and related disciplines in Guangxi, which provides some suggestions for future research, protection, and sustainable utilization of plant resources in Guangxi.
      2025,45(3):389-395    [Abstract](48)    [PDF](17)
    • CHEN Hailing1, HUANG Yusong2*
      General report on new taxa of vascular plants in Guangxi
      The species number of vascular plants in Guangxi is increasing and the diversity is more rich with the deepening of field investigation and research. In the last 25 years, data about new taxa of vascular plants in Guangxi(new species, new varieties, new subspecies and new variants, etc.)have been scattered in various publications. It is necessary to collate and make statistics in time. Thus, the species composition, distribution, distinctive taxa and conservation status can be fully displayed, and provided an important resource guarantee for the protection and sustainable utilization of plant diversity in Guangxi. Based on extensive literature review and data proofreading, the statistical results are as follows:(1)A total of 683 new taxa of vascular plants belonging to 85 families and 206 genera in Guangxi have been reported from 2000 to 2024. The dominant families and genera were Gesneriaceae, Begoniaceae, Asparagaceae, Urticaceae, Primulina, Begonia, Aspidistra and Elatostema.(2)The new taxa are highly rare and endemic, including 70.42% of limestone specific, 85.51% of Guangxi endemic, 49.93% of threatened, 22 species under state key protected protection, and 24 species under Guangxi key protected protection.(3)Karst areas rich in biodiversity are the main distribution, and more new taxa are reported in non-protected areas than in protected areas. Jingxi City is the county-level region where the most new taxa have been reported.(4)The research institutes are the main contributors to the new taxa in Guangxi, and led by Guangxi Institute of Botany. The discovery and report of these new plant taxa are the important embodiment of the rich plant diversity and the improvement of ecological environment quality in Guangxi.
      2025,45(3):396-405    [Abstract](34)    [PDF](16)
    • SUN Weibang*
      Thinking about the ex situ conservation of plants in China
      With the intensification of human activities and global climate change, biological species loss has being rapidly accelerated. Ex situ conservation of plants is a crucial approach for preserving plant diversity and will play a central role in the establishment of the National Botanical Garden System of China. However, issues regarding the concept and range of the ex situ conservation of plants, and rare and endangered plants, as well as the goals for the ex situ conservation of plants in China, are still under discussions. Thus, the concept of the ex situ conservation of plants, the scope of the China's rare and endangered plants, the relationships between the threatened plants in Red List of China's Biodiversity — Volume of Higher Plants(2020), the National Key Protected Wild Plants of China and the Plant Species with Extremely Small Populations(PSESP), as well as the missons and targets for China's ex situ conservation of plants have been discussed in this paper. In addition, the issues related to China's ex situ conservation of plants are examined and also the specific suggestions are proposed, including the effectiveness of ex situ conservation of plants, the documentation of plant collection, introduction and conservation information, as well as the development and management of National Botanical Gardens of China. This review provides a theoretical basis for the ex situ conservation of plants in China.
      2025,45(3):406-412    [Abstract](62)    [PDF](22)
    • GUO Yili1,2, LIU Qi1,2,3, LU Xuegan1,2,3, LIU Ming1, LI Xiankun1,2*
      Research progress on the influencing factors of forest litter decomposition rate
      Litter is a crucial functional component in forest ecosystems. Its decomposition is not only a major pathway for material cycling and energy flow but also a key link in biogeochemical cycles. It profoundly impacts soil fertility, carbon storage and release, biodiversity, and other aspects, which plays a significant role in maintaining ecological balance. This paper systematically summarizes the main factors influencing litter decomposition, including quality features like chemical compositions and physical structures, etc., of litter, changes in climate conditions, and the types and activities of soil decomposers, etc. Meanwhile, the paper thoroughly reviews recent research progress and hot topics in the field of litter decomposition both domestically and internationally. This has important theoretical and practical significance for enhancing forest ecosystem management, advancing material cycling research, and addressing global climate change. Future research should deepen understandings of topics such as home-field advantage, soil fauna roles, and photodegradation in various forest ecosystem contexts, and establish a systematic framework for studying decomposition mechanisms. Additionally, developing a long-term, fixed experimental network platform for different litter treatments(including addition and removal)against the backdrop of global climate change is crucial for revealing the mechanisms of litter decomposition on soil organic carbon transformation and stability. In the context of global climate change, this paper offers ecological insights and suggestions for further exploring the influencing factors and response mechanisms of litter decomposition processes.
      2025,45(3):413-425    [Abstract](32)    [PDF](19)
    • LI Qiang1,2,4*, ZHANG Hao3, ZOU Xiaoxiao1,2,4
      Research progress and prospect of microorganisms in karst soil
      Soil microorganisms play a crucial role in the karst ecosystems, significantly influencing ecosystem functionality through their role in nutrient cycling. This review focuses on reviewing the effects of vegetation restoration, geological background, soil properties, and soil fauna on soil microbial communities. It also elucidates the interrelationships among karst vegetation, soil, and microorganisms. Furthermore, this review also pointed out key issues requiring urgent attention in current research. It including the distribution of microorganisms at the level of soil aggregates in karst areas, the impact of litter on soil microbial functions, the interactions between soil fauna and microorganisms, the role of soil microorganisms in carbon and nitrogen cycling, and the development and utilization of soil microbial resources. The research on the above issues will provide scientific basis for further understanding the biogeochemical cycle process of karst ecosystems, formulating effective ecological restoration strategies and soil management practices.
      2025,45(3):426-437    [Abstract](36)    [PDF](15)
    • ZHU Rongxiang1, LIU Yuhong2, LI Jiewei1, YE Kaiyu1, LIU Cuixia1, XIA Liming1, GONG Hongjuan1, QI Beibei1, GAO Jianyou1, JIANG Qiaosheng1, WANG Faming1*
      Kiwifruit trait improvement via CRISPR/Cas9: Precision breeding strategies and challenges
      The rapid advancement of gene editing technologies has revolutionized precision breeding in kiwifruit(Actinidia spp.). This review systematically summarizes the multidimensional applications, strategies, and challenges of CRISPR/Cas9 technology in kiwifruit trait improvement. Leveraging high-quality genomic resources, such as the telomere-to-telomere gapless reference genome of A. chinensis, and efficient genetic transformation systems like marker-free Agrobacterium-mediated methods, researchers have achieved breakthroughs in fruit quality, disease resistance, and plant architecture regulation. Key advancements include: targeted editing of AcNAC1, bZIP and MYB/bHLH complexes to reduce citrate content, enhance vitamin C biosynthesis, and optimize anthocyanin accumulation; a host-pathogen dual-targeting strategy that strengthens the AcCBL3-mediated calcium oxalate barrier and disrupts the hopAI1 virulence gene in pathogens, significantly improving disease resistance; and knockout of CEN-like and AcFLC-like genes to develop compact plant architecture and non-cold-independent budbreak germplasms. Postharvest studies have elucidated synergistic regulatory networks between ethylene signaling and cell wall hydrolases, offering molecular targets for shelf-life extension. Despite challenges such as polyploid editing complexity and transgenic regulatory controversies, the integration of multi-omics and synthetic biology tools is advancing kiwifruit breeding from single-gene manipulation to metabolic pathway reprogramming. With global regulatory relaxation for foreign DNA-free edited varieties, CRISPR/Cas9-based molecular design breeding will usher in an important opportunity period of industrial development. In addition, this review further outlines technical optimization pathways and future research priorities, providing a theoretical framework for accelerating the breakthrough breeding of kiwifruit cultivars.
      2025,45(3):438-449    [Abstract](30)    [PDF](19)
    • WU Chao, LIU Junkai, CHENG Simin, CHEN Yueyuan, SONG Jingru, ZHANG Xiujiao, ZHAO Shuaige, TANG Hui*
      Medicine and food homologous plant resources and their utilization in Guangxi: A review
      Medicine and food homology refers to natural resources that possess both medicinal and edible values, representing a crucial component of traditional Chinese medicine theoretical system in China. The industry of medicine and food homology holds significant potential to become a major pillar industry in China's national economy. This paper reviews the concept, classification, and management of medicine and food homology, and compares the differences during the management process across various countries/regions, and explores the scope of medicine and food homologous products and their distinctions from pharmaceuticals. The distributions of medicine and food homologous plant resources in Guangxi are summarized, and the development of medicine and food homologous plant resources in advantageous provinces or region like Yunnan, Guizhou, and Guangxi is analyzed. Guangxi demonstrates significant advantages in medicine and food homologous plant resources, hosting 78% of plant species listed in the catalog of national medicine and food homology and over 80 traditional medicine and food homologous plants. Benefiting from the local resource advantages in medicine and food homology resources, Guangxi has developed a series of medicine and food homologous products such as Siraitia grosvenorii, Polygonatum, and Cinnamomum cassia. And the industrialized brands invovling the medicine and food homology are gradually formed in Guangxi. The medicine and food homology in Guangxi has the advantages of rich resources, diverse natural culture and distinctive local characteristics. To promote high-quality development of industry involving medicine and food homology in Guangxi, efforts should focus on strengthening standardized cultivation practices, foundational research, technological innovation, quality control, and regulatory system improvement.
      2025,45(3):450-465    [Abstract](36)    [PDF](17)
    • CHEN Liqiong1, LI Ruozhu1,2, LI Xin1,3, YAO Xin1, YANG Junbo4, LI Dezhu4, YU Wenbin1,5*
      Plastome diversity of vascular plants and its acquisition and applications: A review
      Vascular plants are crucial to global biodiversity, so their systematic taxonomy, origin and evolution of diversity have been the hot topics. With the rapid development of sequencing technology, more and more vascular plant plastomes have been sequenced and published, offeringnew evidence for further understanding of the origin and evolution of vascular plants diversity. This paper introduces the basic characteristics and structural variations of vascular plant plastomes, as well as plastome degradation in parasitic plants; reviews the current main methods of plastome sequencing and assembly; and discusses the important considerations for herbarium DNA and lineages with challenging plastome assemblies. In addition, this study discusses the difficulties with applying plastomes to phylogenetic and super-barcode studies, and proposes corresponding suggestions to address these issues.
      2025,45(3):466-482    [Abstract](28)    [PDF](15)
    • WANG Xuesong1,2, ZOU Yi1, WANG Jie1, NIE Liyun1, WU Zhiqiang1*
      Advances in cytoplasmic male sterility phenotype and infertility mechanism
      The presence of some specialized open reading frames(ORFs)within plant mitochondrial genomes can cause the failure of male gamete production or their abnormal fertilization, which is referred to as cytoplasmic male sterility(CMS). CMS material is of great value in the commercial production of hybrid seeds, owing to their sterility effectively reduce breeding costs and enhance hybrid seed purity. With progressive investigations, new CMS materials are continuously being created through various means, with associated sterility genes being identified and cloned. Herein, the current research on the evolution of CMS genes is throughly reviewed, as well as the exploration of common CMS materials and their responsible CMS genes. The phenotypic characteristics of CMS materials in material-energy metabolism and hormone levels are summarized. Meanwhile, several hypotheses concerning the molecular mechanisms of CMS are discussed and some new insights are proposed based on the empirical evidence. This review aims to assist in integrating the current research on cytoplasmic male sterility and contributing to more profound theoretical and experimental investigations in the future.
      2025,45(3):483-499    [Abstract](20)    [PDF](10)
    • WANG Siyu, WU Jianguo*
      Research progress on the changing trends in geographical distributions of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China
      Identifying the impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of plant species is crucial for biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change. Here, 220 literatures published since 2010 on geographical distribution changes of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China were collected, and the research progress on the changes in geographical distribution ranges of plant species under future climate change scenarios was reviewed, problems and deficiencies were discussed, and future research directions were suggested. The results were as follows:(1)Since 2010, geographical distribution changes of 1 058 plant species in China under future climate change scenarios were analyzed, in which there were only 636 plant species with clear information of changes in their geographical distribution under future climate change scenarios.(2)Among 518 species of angiosperms, 195 species showed an increasing trend and 245 species showed a decreasing trend for geographical distribution ranges under the future climate change scenarios; among 57 gymnosperms, 12 species showed an increasing trend and 38 species showed a decreasing trend for geographical distribution ranges; the distribution range of 1 species of pteridophyte showed an increasing trend; among the 60 species of bryophytes, 53 species showed a decreasing trend and 7 species showed an increasing trend for geographical distribution ranges; the geographical distribution ranges of other plant species were characterized by inconsistent changes or lack of change information.(3)Under the climate change scenarios, 137 plant species would migrate to the Northwest, North China, and Northeast regions, 19 species would migrate to high latitude and high altitude regions, 125 species would move only to high latitude, and other plant species showed different directions or local migration information.(4)Under the future climate change scenarios, about 32 angiosperms, 42 gymnosperms and 48 bryophytes species would face the risk of total loss of their geographical distribution ranges with the probability of greater than 0.6, while about 57 angiosperms and 96 gymnosperms would face the risk of total loss of their geographical distribution ranges without considering the probability. Research deficiencies include: ① Number of plant species studied was still inadequate; ② The selection of climate change scenarios and models was single; ③ The lack of comprehensive consideration of climate and other environmental factors and the comparative study of multiple models; ④ The lack of systematic risk analysis of the loss of plant geographical distribution ranges under future climate change scenarios. In conclusion, in the future, while enriching the study on geographical distributions under future climate change scenarios for many plant species, it is necessary to strengthen the use of multiple climate change scenarios, develop niche models suitable for China's regional conditions, carry out comparative studies on geographical distribution changes of various plant species under different climate change scenarios, and strengthen the analysis of the risk of loss of plant geographical distribution ranges under future climate change scenarios.
      2025,45(3):500-516    [Abstract](28)    [PDF](15)
    • WANG Siyu, WU Jianguo*
      Research progress on the changing trends in geographical distributions of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China
      Identifying the impacts of climate change on the geographical distribution of plant species is crucial for biodiversity conservation and adaptation to climate change. Here, 220 literatures published since 2010 on geographical distribution changes of plant species under future climate change scenarios in China were collected, and the research progress on the changes in geographical distribution ranges of plant species under future climate change scenarios was reviewed, problems and deficiencies were discussed, and future research directions were suggested. The results were as follows:(1)Since 2010, geographical distribution changes of 1 058 plant species in China under future climate change scenarios were analyzed, in which there were only 636 plant species with clear information of changes in their geographical distribution under future climate change scenarios.(2)Among 518 species of angiosperms, 195 species showed an increasing trend and 245 species showed a decreasing trend for geographical distribution ranges under the future climate change scenarios; among 57 gymnosperms, 12 species showed an increasing trend and 38 species showed a decreasing trend for geographical distribution ranges; the distribution range of 1 species of pteridophyte showed an increasing trend; among the 60 species of bryophytes, 53 species showed a decreasing trend and 7 species showed an increasing trend for geographical distribution ranges; the geographical distribution ranges of other plant species were characterized by inconsistent changes or lack of change information.(3)Under the climate change scenarios, 137 plant species would migrate to the Northwest, North China, and Northeast regions, 19 species would migrate to high latitude and high altitude regions, 125 species would move only to high latitude, and other plant species showed different directions or local migration information.(4)Under the future climate change scenarios, about 32 angiosperms, 42 gymnosperms and 48 bryophytes species would face the risk of total loss of their geographical distribution ranges with the probability of greater than 0.6, while about 57 angiosperms and 96 gymnosperms would face the risk of total loss of their geographical distribution ranges without considering the probability. Research deficiencies include: ① Number of plant species studied was still inadequate; ② The selection of climate change scenarios and models was single; ③ The lack of comprehensive consideration of climate and other environmental factors and the comparative study of multiple models; ④ The lack of systematic risk analysis of the loss of plant geographical distribution ranges under future climate change scenarios. In conclusion, in the future, while enriching the study on geographical distributions under future climate change scenarios for many plant species, it is necessary to strengthen the use of multiple climate change scenarios, develop niche models suitable for China's regional conditions, carry out comparative studies on geographical distribution changes of various plant species under different climate change scenarios, and strengthen the analysis of the risk of loss of plant geographical distribution ranges under future climate change scenarios.
      2025,45(3):500-516    [Abstract](20)    [PDF](11)
      • Research Articles
    • LI Lianchun, FU Yuxia, TAN Lanfang, NING Desheng, PAN Zhenghong*
      Anti-rheumatoid arthritis effect of entering bloodstream components from Illicium difengpi
      To search the compounds with anti-rheumatoid arthritis(anti-RA)efficacy from Illicium difengpi, the components that can enter bloodstream were identified by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry(LC-MS/MS), and then their anti-RA activities were evaluated by testing their effects on symptoms, arthritis indexes, pathological changes of knee joints, and contents of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of collagen-induced arthritis mice. The interactions between the anti-RA active compounds and TLR4/NF-κB pathway were studied by molecular docking. The results were as follows:(1)After absorbance, isodunnianol and magnolol of I. difengpi could enter bloodstream.(2)Isodunnianol could alleviate symptoms including limbs congestion, redness and swelling, reduce arthritis index score of limbs, hinder pathological process of knee joints tissue, and decrease contents of MCP-1, IL-6 and TNF-α in serum of collagen-induced arthritis mice.(3)Isodunnianol could bind to key proteins of TLR4/NF-κB pathway, including TLR4, IκBα and NF-κB p65. In conclusion, isodunnianol can reach the joint tissue through the bloodstream after being absorbed and can possibly alleviate the pathology of RA through regulating TLR4/NF-κB pathway. Isodunnianol is one of anti-RA active components of I. difengpi.
      2025,45(3):517-526    [Abstract](30)    [PDF](15)
    • YAO Shuting1,2, ZHANG Qiang1, SU Min3, WU Yuting3, PANG Yuelan3, LIANG Yanni4, CAI Aihua1, QIN Xinmei1*
      Chloroplast genome capture history and genetic diversity of Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao'
      Camellia sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' is the main raw material for making Liupao tea. To explore the genetic background of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao', especially its phylogenetic position and evolutionary history, 27 individuals of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' and five individuals of C. costata were sampled for genome skimming and transcriptomic sequencing. The phylogenetic relationship, the divergence evolution time, and the genetic diversity of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' were analyzed. The results were as follows:(1)On the chloroplast tree, samples of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' were divided into two distantly-related groups, one was nested within a clade mainly consisting of C. sinensis, being interspersed among other cultivated C. sinensis, while the other group formed as a well supported lineage that was most closely-related to and nested within C. costata; on the nuclear gene tree, however, all the 27 samples of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' formed a clade with other C. sinensis as well as some other Camellia species with generally unresolved relationships among them. Despite the lack of resolution in this clade, it was definitely far separated from C. costata; the cytonuclear phylogenetic conflict suggested once ancient introgression hybridization of C. costata with the ancestor of some C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' individuals so that the latter captured the chloroplast genome of the former.(2)The time estimate further indicated that the introgression hybridization event occurred in the Quaternary period, ca. 1.55 million years ago, long before the history of tea cultivation and production by humans.(3)In addition, both the chloroplast genomes and nuclear genes revealed that the C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao' had high haplotype diversity, possessing high evolutionary potential. This study provides the references for the germplasm protection, variety breeding, development and utilization of C. sinensis var. sinensis ‘Liupao'.
      2025,45(3):527-541    [Abstract](26)    [PDF](15)
    • LIU Baojun, FU Chuanming, SU Jiang, XIAN Kanghua, HE Jinxiang, HUANG Ningzhen*
      Cloning and expression analysis of PwDREB2s genes in Primulina wentsaii
      Dehydration responsive element binding protein 2(DREB2)is a transcription factor, which plays a regulatory role to drought, high salinity and high temperature responding in model plants. However, it is still unclear for the function of DREB2 genes in Primulina wentsaii, which is adapted to limestone karst habitats with drought-high temperature environment. DREB2 homologous genes responding to dual stresses of drought and high temperature, were screened in P. wentsaii. It could provide a new gene pool for the creation of resistant germplasm in Gesneriaceae. In this study, specific primers were designed based on transcriptome sequences of P. wentsaii firstly, gDNA and cDNA were used as templates to isolate PwDREB2 genes. Then, amino acid sequences, phylogenetic relationships and consensus motifs were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. As well, the expression patterns of PwDREB2s genes were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR(sqRT-PCR)with single stress, such as low temperature, heat shock, simulated drought(osmosis), high salinity, exogenous ABA and oxidation, respectively. Finally, the transcript levels of designated members, which could respond to single stresses and drought-heat shock combined stresses, were detected with different drought-heat shock patterns by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The results were as follows:(1)Eight intron-lacking PwDREB2s genes were isolated, they could encode 198-386 amino acids, which contained several typical characteristic regions such as AP2/ERF domain, nuclear localization signal or transcriptional activation domain, respectively;(2)Transcription factors, such as PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2, PwDREB2D/2DL and PwDREB2F were classified into subtype 1, subtype 2 and subtype 3 of A-2 subgroup, respectively, while PwDREB2EL1/2EL2 were classified into A-6 subgroup;(3)Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of PwDREB2s genes were induced by a series of single stresses, among which PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2/2D genes could simultaneously respond to simulated drought and heat shock;(4)qRT-PCR results revealed that the PwDREB2D gene, which was responding to drought-heat shock combined stresses, was tissue-specific, it could only be strongly induced in rhizomes. Compared with mock group, the transcriptional responses of PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly enhanced under natural drought-heat shock combined stresses with soil matrix, except for PwDREB2D gene. However, when it was compared with the single stress of natural drought and heat shock, the expression levels of PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly higher in natural drought-heat shock combined stresses. In conclusion, PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes may play the important regulatory role in response to dual stresses of natural drought and high temperature in P. wentsaii.
      2025,45(3):542-554    [Abstract](30)    [PDF](15)
    • LIU Baojun, FU Chuanming, SU Jiang, XIAN Kanghua, HE Jinxiang, HUANG Ningzhen*
      Cloning and expression analysis of PwDREB2s genes in Primulina wentsaii
      Dehydration responsive element binding protein 2(DREB2)is a transcription factor, which plays a regulatory role to drought, high salinity and high temperature responding in model plants. However, it is still unclear for the function of DREB2 genes in Primulina wentsaii, which is adapted to limestone karst habitats with drought-high temperature environment. DREB2 homologous genes responding to dual stresses of drought and high temperature, were screened in P. wentsaii. It could provide a new gene pool for the creation of resistant germplasm in Gesneriaceae. In this study, specific primers were designed based on transcriptome sequences of P. wentsaii firstly, gDNA and cDNA were used as templates to isolate PwDREB2 genes. Then, amino acid sequences, phylogenetic relationships and consensus motifs were analyzed by bioinformatics methods. As well, the expression patterns of PwDREB2s genes were analyzed by semi-quantitative reverse transcription PCR(sqRT-PCR)with single stress, such as low temperature, heat shock, simulated drought(osmosis), high salinity, exogenous ABA and oxidation, respectively. Finally, the transcript levels of designated members, which could respond to single stresses and drought-heat shock combined stresses, were detected with different drought-heat shock patterns by quantitative real-time PCR(qRT-PCR). The results were as follows:(1)Eight intron-lacking PwDREB2s genes were isolated, they could encode 198-386 amino acids, which contained several typical characteristic regions such as AP2/ERF domain, nuclear localization signal or transcriptional activation domain, respectively;(2)Transcription factors, such as PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2, PwDREB2D/2DL and PwDREB2F were classified into subtype 1, subtype 2 and subtype 3 of A-2 subgroup, respectively, while PwDREB2EL1/2EL2 were classified into A-6 subgroup;(3)Semi-quantitative RT-PCR analysis showed that the transcript levels of PwDREB2s genes were induced by a series of single stresses, among which PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2/2D genes could simultaneously respond to simulated drought and heat shock;(4)qRT-PCR results revealed that the PwDREB2D gene, which was responding to drought-heat shock combined stresses, was tissue-specific, it could only be strongly induced in rhizomes. Compared with mock group, the transcriptional responses of PwDREB2A/2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly enhanced under natural drought-heat shock combined stresses with soil matrix, except for PwDREB2D gene. However, when it was compared with the single stress of natural drought and heat shock, the expression levels of PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes were significantly higher in natural drought-heat shock combined stresses. In conclusion, PwDREB2AL1/2AL2 genes may play the important regulatory role in response to dual stresses of natural drought and high temperature in P. wentsaii.
      2025,45(3):542-554    [Abstract](32)    [PDF](14)
    • JIANG Kai1,2, WANG Zhengwei1, CHEN Xiaoyong2*
      Chloroplast sequences and nuclear microsatellites reveal extensive hybridization among sympatric species of the genus Machilus
      Plants of the genus Machilus Nees(Lauraceae)are evergreen trees and are common dominant species in subtropical evergreen broad-leaved forests, with significant economic value. However, there is considerable debate regarding the classification within the genus and the phylogenetic relationships among species. To explore the potential reasons behind this, this study selected 12 sympatric species of Machilus and analyzed 72 chloroplast fragments and 10 nuclear microsatellite loci. The results were as follows:(1)A total of only 48 variable sites were found across the 44 025 base pairs of the 72 chloroplast fragments, indicating extremely low polymorphism.(2)The 10 nuclear microsatellite markers showed good universality across the 12 species of Machilus, with high polymorphism, a large number of shared alleles among different species, and very few private alleles.(3)A high-support consensus phylogenetic tree could not be obtained based on chloroplast DNA, while microsatellite markers supported the taxonomic status of M. oreophila, M. rehderi, and M. thunbergii. However, those relationships among other species were confused and there was incongruence between nuclear and plastid phylogenies. This confusion is likely attributed to frequent interspecific hybridization that have blurred the boundaries between species. Further research is needed to integrate morphological data and multiple molecular markers, and to develop effective analytical tools to understand the complex phylogenetic relationships within the genus Machilus.
      2025,45(3):555-566    [Abstract](28)    [PDF](14)
    • LI Yanpeng1, DU Jian2, PAN Lijun3, CHEN Jie1, XU Han1*
      Community structure and recovery characteristics of subtropical mixed plantations in early succession
      The resilience of community structure is important to the success of mixed plantation construction. This study was conducted in the subtropical mixed plantations formed after the renovation of pure forest of Cunninghamia lanceolata and planting broad-leaved native tree species in 2010 in Yunyong Forest Farm, Foshan City, Guangdong Province. To understand community structure and recovery characteristics of subtropical mixed plantations, species diversity, importance value, diameter class structure and basal area at the breast height were calculated based on the 7.92 hm2 plot established in typical regions in 2020. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 136 woody plants and lianas belonging to 101 genera and 47 families colonized in the community after 10 years of natural restoration, including 78 rare species, indicating the subtropical mixed plantations had a strong resilience of species diversity.(2)The average diameter at breast height(DBH)of all individuals was 8.47 cm, and the DBH distribution showed an inverse-J shape, indicating the community regeneration was good and in a relatively stable state. In addition, early artificially introduced species could achieve natural regeneration, although their DBH shapes showed bell curves due to the short recovery time.(3)There was a significant positive correlation between species abundance and basal area at the breast height, while other species diversity indices showed significant negative correlations with basal area at the breast height, indicating the basal area at the breast height was still determined by the artificially introduced species in the early succession of mixed plantations. With the increasing of niche complementarity among coexisting species, it is expected to promote the simultaneous improvement of species diversity and community productivity in the succession of mixed plantations. The results reveal the subtropical mixed plantations have strong resilience of community structure. These findings provide a theoretical basis for the management of subtropical mixed plantations.
      2025,45(3):567-584    [Abstract](26)    [PDF](15)
    • ZHAO Wenhui1, 2, DOU Zhiyang2, Qiangba3*, Wujian3, Baimazhuoma3, LIU Guangxue2, CAI Shaoqing2, XU Feng<sup>1,2*
      Qualitative analysis of chemical constituents of Codonopsis convolvulacea var. pinifolia roots by using LC-MS
      To clarify the chemical constituents of the Tibetan medicine Codonopsis Convolvulaceae Radix(the roots of Codonopsis convolvulacea var. pinifolia)by ultra high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry(UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS), Waters ACQUITY UPLC BEH C18(1.7 μm, 2.1 mm × 150 mm)chromatographic column was used. The mobile phase was 0.1 mmol·L-1 ammonium acetate aqueous solution and acetonitrile. The flow rate was 0.3 mL·min-1, the injection volume was 3 μL, and the column temperature was 40 ℃. Electrospray ionization(ESI)source was used for mass spectrometry, and the detection was conducted in negative ion mode. The mass spectrometry scanning range was m/z 100-1 800(MS)and m/z 50-1 800(MS/MS). The molecular formula of a compound was deduced based on quasi-molecular ions in its first-order mass spectra, and its structural fragments and possible molecular structure were elucidated by analyzing the characteristic fragment ions in its second-order mass spectra. Finally, its structure was indentified by comparison with reference material and literature retrieval. The results were as follows:(1)Totally 56 compounds were tentatively identified from the roots of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia for the first time, including 6 nitrogen-containing compounds, 6 phenylpropanoids, 22 lignans, 2 flavonoids, 8 organic acids, and 12 glucosides or other compounds. Among them, 11 compounds were unequivocally identified by comparison with reference compounds.(2)Lignans and phenylpropanoids were firstly found to be the main constituents of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia roots, and their fragmentation pathways were deduced. In this study, the application of UHPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS can quickly and efficiently elucidate chemical constituents of C. convolvulacea var. pinifolia roots. It provides a chemical basis for further studies of quality standard, in vivo process and pharmacodynamic substances of Codonopsis Convolvulaceae Radix.
      2025,45(3):585-605    [Abstract](30)    [PDF](19)
    • LAN Ya1,2, GUO Yibo1,2, YUAN Chuang1,2, SHEN Youxin1,2*
      Microhabitats and their colonized plants on rock outcrop surfaces in tropical karst forest
      Rock outcrop is a typical feature of karst ecosystem, on which there are complex microhabitats and various colonized plants, but the relationship between these colonized plants and microhabitats is not clear. Taking a tropical seasonal humid forest in Xishuangbanna as the research object in this study, we measured the morphological characteristics and external environmental factors of 586 microhabitats on rock outcrops surface. All colonized vascular species on these microhabitats were identified and counted. Then, Pearson correlation analysis and redundancy analysis(RDA)were used to reveal the relationship between microhabitats(including morphological characteristics and environmental factors)and vascular plants richness. The results were as follows:(1)In tropical karst forest, the microhabitat characteristic such as volume [(5 148.33±31 501.92)cm3] and area [(532.28±1 575.10)cm2] had great variability.(2)A total of 1 518 trees, shrubs and herbs of 90 species belonging to 82 genera and 44 families were recorded in all microhabitats, and preferential species that dominants on karst limestone accounted for 35.6%.(3)The area size and soil depth of microhabitat could explain more than 70% of species composition and colonized plants richness in RDA model.(4)The species-area relationship between the richness of the colonized plants and the area of rock outcrop microhabitats showed an obvious exponential decay. In conclusion, microhabitats on rock outcrops in the tropical karst forest is highly heterogeneous, the area size and soil depth are the key factors affecting plant colonization, and the species-area relationship dominates the species richness pattern on rock outcrops microhabitats.
      2025,45(3):606-618    [Abstract](40)    [PDF](17)

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