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  • GUIHAIA
  • 2023, Vol.43, No.8
  • Publication date：2023-08-25
【Recommended article】XIANG Wei et al. Panax notoginseng is a valuable Chinese herb in China, and the root should be harvested between three and seven years after planting it. However, the growth of P. notoginseng is frequently hindered due to replanting failure. There have been numerous studies proving that the accumulation of allelochemicals in the soil is considered to be one of the reasons for the replanting failure of P. notoginseng. Biodegradation of allelochemical in soil has been shown to be an effective measure to alleviate continuous cropping obstacles, so screening allelochemical-degrading bacteria could provide biological resources for soil remediation. Based on this, this study adopted a research strategy of enrichment and domestication to isolate and screen saponin-degrading bacteria from the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng, which had been grown continuously for 3 years and more. Also, the highly active strains were identified by 16S rRNA gene analysis. In addition, the effect of highly active strain SC3 on degrading allelochemicals under different conditions was studied by HPLC. The results were as follows:(1)Eight strains of potentially degrading bacteria were successfully isolated from the rhizosphere soil of P. notoginseng. The results of the initial screening evaluation showed that strain SC3 had the best biodegradation effect on total saponins with 87.42% degradation rate.(2)Strain SC3 was identified as Stenotrophomonas sp. based on 16S rRNA gene analysis coupled with physiological and biochemical analyses.(3)The biodegradation of ginsenoside Rb1 by strain SC3 was stronger than its degradation of ginsenoside Rg1 under the same culture conditions.(4)The degradation of ginsenoside Rb1 by SC3 strain under liquid culture conditions was significantly affected by different factors, such as substrate concentration, inoculum amount and incubation temperature. This study shows that the enrichment and domestication strategy can effectively screen allelochemical-degrading bacteria, and a possible application of strain SC3 in the bioremediation of saponin contamination in agricultural environments.

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Current Issue 2023,Vol.43,No.8

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    • 2023,No.8 PDF(whole issue)
      2023,43(8)    [Abstract](512)    [PDF](163)
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      2023,43(8)    [Abstract](430)    [PDF](193)
    • 2023,No.8 Contents
      2023,43(8)    [Abstract](448)    [PDF](171)
      • 编者按
    • MA Keping1,2,3, REN Hai4,5, LONG Chunlin6,7,8
      Biodiversity conservation needs more research
      2023,43(8):1347-1349    [Abstract](569)    [PDF](204)
      • 昆蒙全球生物多样性框架
    • LUO Maofang1,2,3, YANG Ming4, MA Keping1,2,5*
      Core targets of Kunming-Montreal Global Framework and recommendations for conservation action in China
      Under the leadership of the Chinese presidency, the second part of the 15th Conference of the Parties to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD)adopted 62 decisions, in particular Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework(KM-GBF), which is based on the theory of transformative changes. KM-GBF, its achievements, gaps, and lessons learned, and the experience and achievements of other relevant multilateral environmental agreements, sets out an ambitious plan to implement broad-based action to bring about a transformation in our societies' relationship with biodiversity by 2030, and draws a new blueprint for global biodiversity governance. This paper provides an interpretation of the three core targets of the framework — the “3030 target” for protected areas, resource mobilisation, and digital sequence information of genetic resources, a brief introduction to the relevant decisions to ensure the implementation of the framework, and recommendations for future conservation actions in China:(1)To strengthen the mainstreaming of biodiversity conservation. Revision of China's Biodiversity Conservation Strategy and Action Plan(2011-2030)is an opportunity to involve the whole government and society in the process and to take action to promote the goals and targets of the KM-GBF;(2)To further develop detailed conservation plans, clarify the scopes, purposes and management measures of conservation areas, and implement responsible authorities and specific measures for implementing the plans. Researches on the Other Effective area-based Conservation Measures(OECMs)are needed to incorporate into the management system for biodiversity conservation;(3)To develop an operational indicator system and monitoring plan in accordance with the monitoring requirements of the framework targets;(4)To continue to strengthen awareness and education on biodiversity conservation, raise public awareness and attention to biodiversity conservation, and promote sustainable production and sustainable consumption in society as a whole;(5)To promote international cooperation vigorously to explore and promote Nature-based Solutions on a larger scale, and find pathways for economic and social development that have positive and beneficial effects on nature.
      2023,43(8):1350-1355    [Abstract](493)    [PDF](179)
    • ZHANG Lirong1, LUO Ming2*, ZHU Zhenxiao1, SUN Yuqin2, JIN Shichao1, YANG Chongyao2, MENG Rui1, ZHANG Lijia2
      Implementation path of biodiversity mainstreaming in China under the guidance of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework
      Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework sets out key actions for biodiversity conservation worldwide in the coming period, including integrating biodiversity and its multiple values into economic and social activities. As a party to the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity(CBD), China has made unremitting efforts to promote the biodiversity mainstreaming, integrating biodiversity conservation into top-level national decision-making and major strategic planning, and integrating it into the policies, norms and assessment mechanisms of ecological environments, natural resources and other relevant industries. Different functional departments, scientific research institutions, enterprises, social organizations and other organizations have carried out extensive and in-depth researches based on multiple aspects of biodiversity conservation and management. Benchmark the objectives of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and refer the advanced experience of biodiversity mainstreaming practices in other countries, we discussed and analyzed the conceptual connotation of biodiversity mainstreaming, summarized the practice and stage results of biodiversity mainstreaming in China. Then focusing on different actors including governments, enterprises and the public, we propose the implementation path of promoting biodiversity mainstreaming in an all-round way for China in the new era, including:(1)To import a consistent action framework which is mitigation protection hierarchy with four steps, contains avoidance, mitigation, recovery, and offset;(2)To give play to the leading role of government governance, and to integrate biodiversity conservation into government governance systems and industrial development layout with the help of various planning and policy tools;(3)To support enterprises to take joint actions and internalize ecological and environmental hazards into business operations which can promote sustainable production and consumption;(4)To raise public awareness to promote broad participation in biodiversity conservation, establish a system of public participation in biodiversity conservation through various publicity and education actions, to guide the public to practice a green and low-carbon lifestyle, and to translate into real benefits of biodiversity and climate mitigation and improvement. By taking the above actions, we will strive to integrate biodiversity into the policy mechanisms of government departments at all levels and social production and life practices, so as to provide references for improving biodiversity governance decisions.
      2023,43(8):1356-1365    [Abstract](476)    [PDF](156)
    • LUO Ming1, ZHANG Lirong2*, YANG Chongyao1, ZHU Zhenxiao2, SUN Yuqin1, MENG Rui2, ZHANG Lijia1, WANG Jun2, LIU Yanshu1
      Utilizing Nature-based Solutions to promote biodiversity conservation
      Biodiversity loss is one of the major crises facing humanity today, and with none of the biodiversity targets represented by the Aichi Biodiversity Targets being met, there is an urgent need to promote transformative change to halt and reverse the trend of biodiversity loss. Nature-based solutions(NbS)have emerged as an important way to address the global crisis due to its inherent principles involving holistic and systemicness, diversity, stability, sustainability, trade-offs, and compatibility. The relationship between biodiversity and NbS is analyzed from a mechanistic and functional perspective, and the pathway of NbS as a proxy for biodiversity conservation is revealed by restoring of ecosystem complexity and trophic levels to put nature on the path. We here propose the dual intensions of promoting NbS for biodiversity conservation, as(1)the goal aimed at enhancing diversity, stability, and sustainability of ecosystem, and(2)the tool involves use natural processes. Based on the above understanding of the link between NbS and biodiversity, this paper further compares the conceptual connotation of NbS with the consistency of biodiversity conservation, as well as the NbS methods for biodiversity conservation including natural, agricultural and urban area. Practical cases of NbS for biodiversity conservation or synergy of NbS for biodiversity are summarized in align with differentiated typical ecosystems. The multiple benefits of NbS for biodiversity conservation, climate change and sustainable development are discussed. The vision of integrating NbS into strategic planning for biodiversity conservation is presented to provide a reference for promoting the implementation of Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework and the mainstreaming of NbS in biodiversity conservation.
      2023,43(8):1366-1374    [Abstract](504)    [PDF](179)
    • Discussion on digital sequence information on genetic resources
      Discussion on digital sequence information on genetic resources
      Digital sequence information on genetic resources(hereinafter called DSI)refers to data generated through sequencing technologies. It consists of a broad range of genetic sequence data, which includes the digitalized details of an organism's DNA and RNA, and chemical structure information of natural products. Considering its significance, DSI has become a hot-button issue of discussions around international treaties such as the Convention on Biological Diversity, the International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture, and the Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework for the Sharing of Influenza Viruses and Access to Vaccines and Other Benefits, with particular focus on its access, use, and benefit-sharing process. Since 2016, fruitful discussions have been made among stakeholders about DSI's access and use, albeit disagreements remain in some areas, examples of which are the connotation and denotation of the placeholder term, DSI's relevance to genetic resources, the definition of open access, the monitoring of DSI use. Through analytical research of DSI itself and controversies arising from it, we come to the following observations: Science advice alone is not enough to mitigate the differences originating from the conflict of interests between stakeholders; DSI's placeholder status has made the fulfillment of the benefit-sharing obligation to it more complex; The large variety of domestic regulations around DSI that exist in parties implies that the setup of a feasible, multilateral international system is no easy task; An approach that coordinates different framework conventions is urgently needed to tackle the ongoing challenges facing DSI. To effectively cope with the challenges and opportunities brought by DSI's access and use, China, as a major provider and user of DSI in the world, should intensify efforts made in the following four areas:(1)Fundamental researches on DSI; to this end, we should encourage the adoption of interdisciplinary approaches in DSI research and introduce pilot demonstration projects on access to and benefit-sharing of DSI;(2)The timely establishment of biological data administration system; we should construct a comprehensive system of biological resource data made up of crucial components including classification, convergence, sharing, research, utilization, cross-border transmission, and benefit-sharing;(3)Infrastructure development that increase the openness, safety, sharing, and reciprocity of the production and storage of global biological resource data; we should strengthen international cooperation in this regard;(4)Better use of the cross-departmental coordination mechanism that involves organizations represented by the China National Committee for Biodiversity Conservation(CNCBC), we should continue to increase the synergy effects originated from China's greater participation in international fora on DSI.
      2023,43(8):1375-1382    [Abstract](436)    [PDF](169)
      • 植物多样性保护
    • LI Feifei1,2, LUO Binsheng2,3, CUI Xia1, LONG Chunlin2,4,5*
      Plant culture construction and plant diversity protection and management in the China national botanical garden
      Biological culture is of great significance to the conservation of biodiversity. The formation and development of botanical gardens have reflected the plant culture which formed by human beings due to material and spiritual needs in history. Modern botanical gardens have made outstanding achievements in plant ex-situ protection, while the plant culture construction is still a little insufficient. In the process of global biodiversity conservation, the important roles of traditional culture in biodiversity conservation and sustainable use of biological resources have been increasingly valued. At this background, this study emphasized the close connection and co-evolution relationship between biocultural diversity and biodiversity, and reviewed the implication of plant culture in early botanical gardens and Chinese classical gardens. And through the analysis of the main functions of 3 085 modern botanical gardens around the world, we found that only 7.36% of botanical gardens carried out ethnobotanical research, while 11.18% carried out conservation biology research, and 17.18% worked out a plant conservation programme, which revealed the improvement of the protection function and the weakening of the cultural function of modern botanical gardens. Based on the demand for the construction of plant culture in the effective protection of plant diversity in the current botanical garden, this study further analyzed the deficiencies of plant culture construction in botanical gardens in China, including:(1)insufficient plant culture information data in plant species diversity information;(2)lack of consideration of benefit-sharing of traditional knowledge in biodiversity conservation;(3)lack of theme parks that display plant diversity with culture. Focused on the goal of plant diversity conservation and management in the China national botanical garden, we put forward the following suggestions on plant culture construction in the China national botanical garden system from three aspects, in order to provide a reference for the construction of a national botanical garden system with the characteristics of Chinese ecological civilization. Plant diversity protection and utilization: to strengthen the consideration of plant culture in the construction of plant diversity information and germplasm resource bank, encourage ethnobotanical research. Benefit-sharing: to establish access and benefit-sharing(ABS)standard procedures covering traditional knowledge to ensure fair and equitable benefit-sharing. Public participation: to consider display the regionality and uniqueness in China national botanical garden, and add ethnic plant culture theme parks or exhibition halls.
      2023,43(8):1383-1391    [Abstract](462)    [PDF](166)
    • XIE Dan1,2, ZHANG Yiqi1,2, REN Hai1,2,3, NING Zulin1,2*, LIAO Jingping1,2
      Plant introduction and ex-situ conservation in South China National Botanical Garden
      Based on the analysis of introduction and survival records, this paper reports the status of introduction, survival, and ex-situ conservation of plant species in the South China National Botanical Garden(SCNBG). The results are as follows:(1)A total of 19 154 species, 99 subspecies and 136 varieties(80 597 accession numbers)of vascular plants belonging to 325 families and 3 952 genera have been introduced since 1956, of which 11 581 species, 52 subspecies and 80 varieties(24 352 accession number)belonging to 290 families and 2 777 genera are surviving currently; the introduction records include 565 species of National Key Protected Wild Plants(421 species survived), covering 94.7%(36/38)of the first-class National Key Protected Wild Plants(29 species survived), 76.4%(269/352)of the second-class National Key Protected Wild Plants(229 species survived), and 54.3%(547/1 008)threatened species(414 species survived)in South China.(2)The most species are introduced from Guangdong Province(7 193 accession numbers, 2 523 species), followed by Hainan Province(3 658 accession numbers, 1 593 species), Guangxi Province(4 744 accession numbers, 1 559 species)and other surrounding provinces; the SCNBG has obtained some precious plant resources from the same latitude regions by introducing and exchanging species with 61 countries around the world.(3)17 specialized gardens for ex-situ conservation based on plant taxa(e. g. Magnolia Garden)show a high level in terms of introduction quantity and survival rate.(4)The correlation between the number of surviving species and the frequency of introduction is extremely significant(r = 0.85***).(5)The survival rate of introduced species distributed naturally in South China is higher than that in other provinces. In the future, the SCNBG needs to strengthen the ex-situ conservation of plants through following points:(1)On the basis of investigation, cataloguing, evaluation and research, strengthening the introduction and collection of rare and endangered plants, native plants and economically important plants in tropical and subtropical regions, further improving the quantity and quality of ex-situ conservation;(2)Establishing an ex-situ conservation network system for plants in South China to effectively protect plant diversity in this region;(3)Improving the infrastructure construction and information management level of ex-situ conservation for higher efficiency;(4)Enhancing international scientific research cooperation and species exchange.
      2023,43(8):1392-1403    [Abstract](448)    [PDF](177)
    • YU Jianghong1,2, QIN Fei2,3, XUE Tiantian2,3, ZHANG Wendi2,3, LIU Qin2,4,AN Mingtai1*, YU Shengxiang2,3*
      Conservation status and prediction analysis of potential distribution of National Key Protected Wild Plants
      Wild plants are an important part of the natural ecological system, and China is one of the countries with the most abundant wild plant species. It is of great significance to study the distribution characteristics, protection status and potential distribution areas of National Key Protected Wild Plants for supporting and formulating biodiversity conservation strategies. Based on 1 032 species(belonging to 315 genera, 129 families)of National Key Protected Wild Plants, this study used the top 5% richness algorithm to identify hotspots, and superimposed with nature reserves to evaluate the conservation effectiveness and determine conservation gaps of current nature reserves. Furthermore, this study used maximum entropy(MaxEnt)model to predict the potential distribution and range shifts of National Key Protected Wild Plants. The results were as follows:(1)The areas with the highest species richness of the National Key Protected Wild Plants mainly confined to the south and southwest of China, especially in central Sichuan, southern and southeastern Yunnan, northern Guangxi, northern Guangdong and Hainan.(2)The conservation effectiveness of hotspot grids showed that 171(85.50%)hotspot grids were efficient protection(including 80.50% of total species), and 29 hotspot grids(14.50%)were not effectively protected(including 51.20% of total species).(3)By comparing the potential distribution area of National Key Protected Wild Plants under current and future climate scenarios, it is found that potential distribution area would expand to southeastern of Xizang, southwestern Guangxi, southern Guangdong, and southern Fujian in the future, while those around Sichuan Basin, southern Yunnan and southern Guizhou would shrink. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen the dynamic monitoring of biodiversity and pay continuous attention to the impact of climate change on National Key Protected Wild Plants in the region. Based on the analysis results of hotspot grids, conservation effectiveness and potential distribution areas identified in this study, strong data support and reference can be provided for the identification of diversity priority protected areas for National Key Protected Wild Plants and the formulation of conservation policies.
      2023,43(8):1404-1413    [Abstract](460)    [PDF](176)
    • WU Xinyi1, WANG Meng1, ZHENG Xilong2, ZHANG Rui3, HE Song4, YAN Yuehong1*
      RAD-seq revealed the endangered mechanism of Hydrocera triflora(Balsaminaceae)
      The genetic diversity of species is a key factor in their adaptability and survival capability. Habitat fragmentation is recognized as one of the key factors causing biodiversity loss, and it has significant impacts on the genetic diversity of plant populations. Hydrocera triflora is an endangered species. Its genetic diversity is unclear and endangered mechanism has not been reported. In this study, 34 samples of H. triflora from seven populations were used to obtain single-nucleotide polymorphisms(SNP)by Restriction-site Associated DNA sequencing(RAD-seq). We discussed the endangered mechanisms of H. triflora by analyzing population genetic diversity and structure. Additionally, we combined these results with historical population dynamics analysis and predictions of potential species distribution in different climate scenarios. The results were as follows:(1)H. triflora had low genetic diversity(Ho=0.156 9, He=0.165 4, π=0.186 5)and high genetic differentiation coefficient; AMOVA analysis showed that genetic variation mainly occurred within populations.(2)The Mantel test indicated that there was a significant positive correlation between environmental distance and genetic distance, as well as geographical distance, with respective P-values of 0.041 2 and 0.008 2.(3)The effective population size of H. triflora had been continuously declining since the mid-Holocene.(4)The total potential distribution area of H. triflora change slightly in the future compared to that in the modern climate. However, in scenarios of high CO2 emissions, the high suitable area decreased significantly and changed into low suitable area, especially in the Malay Islands where the suitable habitat was almost to extinction. The results indicate that habitat fragmentation caused a sustained decrease in the genetic diversity and effective population size of H. triflora. Therefore, the low self-renewal capacity, as well as detrimental environmental conditions such as human disturbance and urbanization, are the primary factors contributing to its endangered state. It is recommended to strengthen the in-situ protection of H. triflora, employing techniques such as artificial pollination to enhance gene flow among populations and thereby increase genetic diversity, and at the same time, we should focus on protecting wetlands from destruction.
      2023,43(8):1414-1427    [Abstract](408)    [PDF](160)
    • HU Renchuan1, ZHOU Ying2, DONG Yifei3, LUO Binsheng4*
      A new attempt for biodiversity conservation in China: A community-based management model for Qu'nan mini reserve
      Biodiversity is the material basis for human survival. At present, the conservation of biodiversity is mainly carried out through nature reserves. As an essential supplement to the existing nature reserve systems in China, the mini reserve is an essential means to connect fragmented habitats for animals and plants and maintain the integrity of ecosystems. This study systematically collates and analyzes the organizational structure, system construction, daily work, and preliminary results of the community-based Qu'nan mini reserve through a literature review and field investigations. The results are as follows:(1)The construction of the Qu'nan mini reserve is based on the mindset of “self-construction, self-financing, self-management, and self-benefit”. It is managed mainly by “equal discussion and democratic consultation” which has been recognized and supported by local community residents, the local government, and the outside world.(2)The establishment, construction, and development of the mini reserve have not only enhance the protection awareness of community residents and increase the number and diversity of surrounding animal and plant populations. It also improves the living environment of the Qu'nan community and enriches the spiritual culture of residents, significantly contributing to the protection of local biodiversity and traditional culture. In addition, this paper also discusses the hidden dangers in the construction of conservation communities. Some feasible suggestions are proposed to provide a reference for developing biodiversity conservation and other mini reserves in China.
      2023,43(8):1428-1436    [Abstract](376)    [PDF](147)
    • JIN Cheng, YANG Yongchuan*, ZHOU Lihua, LONG Yuxiao, CHEN Yuan
      Village Fengshui forests contribute to the biodiversity
      Pseudolarix amabilis is one of the most internationally influential ancient relict plants in China, and faces a multitude of threats, including habitat fragmentation, population isolation, and declining numbers. Fortunately, the Village Fengshui forests, sacred forests protected by Fengshui culture, has emerged as a potential refuge for the natural population of P. amabilis. Nonetheless, the underlying mechanisms by which the Village Fengshui forests safeguards the natural population of P. amabilis warrant in-depth exploration. To address this research gap, this study employed rigorous field investigations and community interviews to comprehensively assess the recruitment status, conservation behaviors, and extent of disturbances for the natural population of P. amabilis. Moreover, we selected the P. amabilis population in Linjiatang as a representative study case to elucidate the protective and management paradigm of P. amabilis Village Fengshui forests. The results were as follows:(1)The diameter at breast height(DBH)structure of P. amabilis in the Village Fengshui forests exhibited continuity, and the seedling density was higher compared to other habitat types.(2)Protecting effectiveness of Village Fengshui forests in the natural population of P. amabilis could be attributed to the Fengshui and taboo cultures associated with Shuikou forest(Village Fengshui forests near water sources), cemetery forest, and Yangji tree(heritage tree near residential houses).(3)The development of rural tourism further contributed to the preservation of P. amabilis Village Fengshui forests. In conclusion, in the context of rural revitalization, the protection and management approach based on Fengshui and taboo cultures in Village Fengshui forests presents an effective paradigm for safeguarding the natural population of P. amabilis.
      2023,43(8):1437-1445    [Abstract](366)    [PDF](206)
    • LI Caihui, XU Shuang*
      conservation in mountainous villages: a case
      Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework requires adherence to the principles of biodiversity conservation and sustainable maintenance mechanisms, exploring the path for realizing the beautiful vision of “coexisting harmoniously with nature.” Yunnan has extremely rich wild edible fungus resources, forming a unique “edible fungus culture.” In order to improve people's ecological conservation awareness, to promote the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources, and to further promote the development of Yunnan's wild edible fungus industry, we investigated the current status of protection and utilization of Yunnan's wild edible fungus resources based on the sorting of relevant laws and regulations and policy documents at both the national and local levels through the literature review and questionnaire survey. With the increasing popularity of natural mushroom products, the production and output value of wild edible fungus have increased significantly, but the number of wild edible fungus has sharply reduced, and some wild edible fungus populations are in a state of endangered and vulnerable. Weak ecological conservation awareness, disorderly collection, and other factors all endanger the survival and development of wild edible fungus resources. Meanwhile, the lack of relevant industry standards also greatly hinders the development of wild edible fungus industry in Yunnan. In view of the above problems, we propose the following suggestions:(1)To accelerate the special legislation for protection and development of wild edible fungus resources, not staying in the current fragmented or confused legislative state, and not only satisfying local policy protection.(2)To construct a standard system for wild edible fungus collection, sales(including international trade), processing, transportation, etc., accurately protecting wild edible fungus, especially for the collection of nationally protected populations, a collection license system should be gradually established.(3)To strengthen the technical support for the whole industry chain and to promote the construction of science and technology systems, such as wild edible fungus germplasm preservation, artificial cultivation, and advanced processing. This study is expected to push forward the further supplement and improvement of the standards for wild mushroom collection, processing and circulation, and the policies for protection and utilization of resources, and provide the support and guarantee for protection, utilization and sustainable development of wild mushroom industry.
      2023,43(8):1446-1456    [Abstract](1006)    [PDF](184)
    • LIN Chen1,2,3, CHENG Zhuo1,2,3, LONG Chunlin1,2,3,4*
      study of Pseudolarix amabilis
      The loss of biodiversity not only means the loss of genes, species and ecosystems, but also threatens the human cultural diversity. Thangka is known as the ‘encyclopaedia' of traditional Tibetan culture, covering social, historical, cultural, religious and medicinal aspects. Qinghai Regong Thangka is one of the most important sects of Thangka, and has vivid and delicate depiction of images, and the numerous depictions of natural landscapes. By combining the methods of literature analysis, work analysis and ethnobiological fieldwork, the biocultural aspects of Regong Thangka are studied in terms of the traditional knowledge related to biodiversity in the painting techniques of Regong Thangka and the analysis of the connotation of biological images. The study revealed the biological origins and production processes of the traditional painting tools and 12 natural plant-derived pigments for Regong Thangka; explored the origins and functions of the biological images often found in the Thangka works; explained the ecological concepts conveyed from Regong Thangka. In general, Regong Thangkas are not only resulted from nature, but also provide feedbacks to nature in their content. In the future, we should pay attention to the protection and inheritance of the traditional skills and biodiversity related traditional knowledge of Regong Thangka, and further explore its functions of traditional knowledge dissemination and nature education.
      2023,43(8):1457-1466    [Abstract](412)    [PDF](160)
      • 微生物多样性
    • WANG Jing1,4, ZHANG Huiping2, SU Xiao2, FU Qianjin3, LI Xuebang3, LIU Fengqin2,4, SHAO Yizhen2,4, CHEN Yun2,4, YUAN Zhiliang2,4*
      Microbial diversity in rhizosphere soil of Anemone altaica
      In order to understand the difference in microbial diversity between wild and cultivated Anemone altaica rhizosphere soils, Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing technology was used to study the microbial composition and diversity in rhizosphere soils between wild and cultivated A. altaica. The results were as follows:(1)Alpha diversity analysis showed that the diversity of fungi in the rhizosphere soil of wild A. altaica was significantly higher than that of cultivated A. altaica(P<0.05), while the difference in bacterial diversity was not significant(P>0.05). The non-metric multidimensional scaling(NMDS)analysis revealed that the fungal community structures of wild and cultivated A. altaica rhizosphere soils had more significant differences.(2)A total of 9 566 operational taxonomic units(OTUs)of bacteria belonged to 39 phyla, 127 classes, 315 orders, 500 families and 886 genera, and 2 670 OTUs of fungi belonged to 15 phyla, 57 classes, 138 orders, 293 families and 597 genera. The bacterial phylum Proteobacteria, Acidobacteria, Actinobacteria and the fungal phylum Basidiomycota, Ascomycota, Mortierellomycota were the dominant phyla in the rhizosphere soil between wild and cultivated plants, but their relative abundance was different under different growth modes. At genus level, Candidatus_Udaeobacter, norank_f_Xanthobacteraceae and Rokubacteriales were the dominant rhizosphere soil bacteria of wild Anemone altaica. However, Candidatus_Udaeobacter, Vicinamibacter and Rokubacteriales were the dominant rhizosphere soil bacteria of cultivated Anemone altaica. The dominant rhizosphere fungi of wild A. altaica were Mortierella, Sebacina and Russula, while the dominant rhizosphere fungi of cultivated Anemone altaica were Sebacina, Mortierella and unclassified_f_Hyaloscyphaceae.(3)The redundancy analysis(RDA)showed that soil organic matter was the main factor affecting soil bacterial community(P < 0.05), and soil pH, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus were the main factors affecting fungi communities(P < 0.05), while bacterial community structure were not significantly correlated with soil pH, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen and available phosphorus(P > 0.05). In summary, this study reveales significant differences in the composition and diversity of rhizosphere microbial communities between wild and cultivated A. altaica, which may be closely related to the physicochemical properties of soils under different growing conditions. The results of this study have certain significance for scientific planting and soil improvement of A. altaica.
      2023,43(8):1467-1477    [Abstract](404)    [PDF](143)
      • 生态系统多样性
    • ZHOU Shuai1,2*
      A global perspective on the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on forest areas in biodiversity hotspots
      Forests play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity, and the loss of forest is often associated with regional biodiversity decline or loss. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the influence of COVID-19 pandemic on global biodiversity using Image J software to identify countries with more than 60% of the world's biodiversity hotsports, by analyzing data on forest loss area, biodiversity integrity data, annual(in 2020 and 2021)COVID-19 infection data, and Gross Domestic Product(GDP)in global biodiversity hotspots, using correlation analysis, linear mixed-effects model construction, and regression prediction. The results revealed although a significant negative correlation between the number of COVID-19 infections per million population and forest loss area, namely, the pandemic reduced forest loss due to large-scale urban and agricultural expansion, the total forest loss in global biodiversity hotspots continued to rise during the pandemic years(2020 and 2021), largely due to the indirect acceleration of logging activities in natural and artificial forests. The regression model predicted that the forest loss area in global biodiversity hotspots increased by 5.83% and 21.78% in 2020 and 2021, respectively, during COVID-19 pandemic. Consequently, notwithstanding COVID-19 pandemic's restraining effect on forest loss in biodiversity hotspots, the forest loss area still exhibits an upward trend. The results provide the data supports for developing the protective measures of biodiversity.
      2023,43(8):1478-1487    [Abstract](380)    [PDF](143)
    • LI Weijie1,2, ZHU Xunzhi2, LUO Huiting2, HUANG Xi2, TANG Shijie1,2*
      Species composition and diversity characteristics of invaded community of Solidago canadensis in Nanjing
      In order to investigate the relationship between the invasion of the exotic plant Solidago canadensis and diversity of native plants in Nanjing, the species composition and diversity of its community were studied by using the tracking and quadrat methods. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 200 vascular plant species, including varieties and subspecies classification, were found in the invaded communities, belong to 156 genera and 62 families, including 195 angiosperms, one gymnosperm, and four ferns. The species-richest families were Asteraceae and Poaceae, with 25 and 24 species respectively. In terms of their life forms, herbaceous plants accounted for the majority, with 133 species(66.50%). In addition, there were 29 other alien plant species in these communities. The most dominant species in the community was Solidago canadensis, with a high ecological important value of 40.00%, followed by Vicia sativa(7.00%).(2)There were four floristic types of flora families in uninvaded communities, and only three types in invaded communities. Pantropic type, cosmopolitan type and north temperate type existed in both communities, while East Asia and North America disjunct type only in uninvaded communities. In the uninvaded communities, the floristic types were mainly cosmopolitan, with 13 families, accounting for 39.39% of all families. Pantropic was the dominant species in the invaded communities, with 16 families, accounting for 45.71% of the total. There were 10 floristic types of flora genera in uninvaded habitats and 12 in invaded habitats, with similar floristic composition, but the old-world temperate type and tropical Asia to tropical Australasia type only appeared in invaded communities. The north temperate and cosmopolitan type were the most important components of both invaded and uninvaded communities. The R/T values of invaded and uninvaded communities of genera were 0.58 and 0.38, and the species differentiation were 3.29 and 3.11, respectively.(3)The Margalef index(E)of heavily invaded communities was significantly lower than that of uninvaded and lightly invaded communities. In addition, the Simpson index(D), Shannon Weiner index(H'), and Pielou index(J)of heavily invaded communities were significantly reduced compared to uninvaded, lightly invaded, and moderately invaded communities.(4)There were no significant differences in E, D, H', and J in different habitats. This study can provide basic data for the management, prevention and control, and ecological restoration of the invaded areas of S. canadensis in Nanjing, as well as further scientific research.
      2023,43(8):1488-1495    [Abstract](412)    [PDF](184)
    • LI Weijie1,2, ZHU Xunzhi2, LUO Huiting2, HUANG Xi2, TANG Shijie1,2*
      Species composition and diversity characteristics of invaded community of Solidago canadensis in Nanjing
      In order to investigate the relationship between the invasion of the exotic plant Solidago canadensis and diversity of native plants in Nanjing, the species composition and diversity of its community were studied by using the tracking and quadrat methods. The results were as follows:(1)A total of 200 vascular plant species, including varieties and subspecies classification, were found in the invaded communities, belong to 156 genera and 62 families, including 195 angiosperms, one gymnosperm, and four ferns. The species-richest families were Asteraceae and Poaceae, with 25 and 24 species respectively. In terms of their life forms, herbaceous plants accounted for the majority, with 133 species(66.50%). In addition, there were 29 other alien plant species in these communities. The most dominant species in the community was Solidago canadensis, with a high ecological important value of 40.00%, followed by Vicia sativa(7.00%).(2)There were four floristic types of flora families in uninvaded communities, and only three types in invaded communities. Pantropic type, cosmopolitan type and north temperate type existed in both communities, while East Asia and North America disjunct type only in uninvaded communities. In the uninvaded communities, the floristic types were mainly cosmopolitan, with 13 families, accounting for 39.39% of all families. Pantropic was the dominant species in the invaded communities, with 16 families, accounting for 45.71% of the total. There were 10 floristic types of flora genera in uninvaded habitats and 12 in invaded habitats, with similar floristic composition, but the old-world temperate type and tropical Asia to tropical Australasia type only appeared in invaded communities. The north temperate and cosmopolitan type were the most important components of both invaded and uninvaded communities. The R/T values of invaded and uninvaded communities of genera were 0.58 and 0.38, and the species differentiation were 3.29 and 3.11, respectively.(3)The Margalef index(E)of heavily invaded communities was significantly lower than that of uninvaded and lightly invaded communities. In addition, the Simpson index(D), Shannon Weiner index(H'), and Pielou index(J)of heavily invaded communities were significantly reduced compared to uninvaded, lightly invaded, and moderately invaded communities.(4)There were no significant differences in E, D, H', and J in different habitats. This study can provide basic data for the management, prevention and control, and ecological restoration of the invaded areas of S. canadensis in Nanjing, as well as further scientific research.
      2023,43(8):1496-1500    [Abstract](404)    [PDF](150)
      • 生物多样性信息学
    • JIN Dongmei1,2, YANG Ling1,2, XU Zheping3,4, XIAO Cui1,2,5, LUO Maofang1,2,6, MA Keping1,2,7*
      Effectiveness analysis of the National Specimen Information Infrastructure(NSII)in supporting scientific research on biodiversity
      With the rapid development of biodiversity informatics, more and more open biological data can be used by researchers. Taking an open data platform as an example, analyzing the research hotspots and development trends in the field of biodiversity in China will help biodiversity researchers and policy-makers keep abreast of the current status and trends of biological research, and provide decision support for the construction of biodiversity in China. We searched the full text of the literature in CNKI and Google Scholar from 2013 to 2023 with the relevant search terms of “National Specimen Information Infrastructure(NSII)”, and retrieved a total of 1 070 supported by NSII literature, including journal articles(822), dissertations(233), popular science articles(5), conference articles(6)and reports(4). Through the means and methods of bibliometrics, the 822 journal articles supported by NSII are explored from the aspects of publication status, research topics and hot spots, research institutions, etc., to explore the current status, hot spots and trends of biodiversity research supported by NSII. According to the results obtained from the keyword co-occurrence network map, the research hotspots of biodiversity focus on the analysis and modeling of species distribution, climate change, taxonomy, biodiversity research, and research platform construction. Biodiversity informatics is developing rapidly in China, in the future, it is still necessary to improve data source construction, resource integration, sharing capability, professional competence and international cooperation, etc. to promote the development of biodiversity scientific research continuously.
      2023,43(8):1501-1515    [Abstract](388)    [PDF](173)
      • Review
    • REN Hai1,2*
      Succession theory and vegetation restoration
      Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework proposes to protect 30% and restore 30% of the land with high quality and maximize the goal of conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change. Succession theory and vegetation restoration can serve the targets of 30% protection and restoration. Succession theory is the core theory in vegetation ecology. Succession refers to the process that the structure or composition of a group of different species in a site change with time. Vegetation restoration is the process of restoring or recovering or naturally renewing plant communities, mainly based on plant planting and configuration. Vegetation restoration is the process of changing the structure and function of ecosystem from simple to complex, from low level to high level, and the ultimate goal is to establish healthy and stable plant communities. Succession is the foundation of vegetation restoration, and vegetation restoration can be seen as the manipulation of the succession process to achieve the goal of restoring damaged vegetation ecosystem. Succession theory can guide vegetation restoration. Vegetation restoration is also beneficial to the development of succession theory. Succession theory and vegetation restoration differ in scale, theme and paradigms. Succession often emphasizes disturbances related to nature, while vegetation restoration focuses on disturbances related to humans. The succession can be divided into primary succession and secondary succession according to the nature of bare land. The restoration process is suggested to be regarded as the tertiary succession, which will help to understand the management options for promoting the success of vegetation restoration through human intervention, especially by emphasizing the management options which may improve success, especially by addressing environmental and biological legacies. Artificial intervention based on succession theory can accelerate vegetation restoration, avoid early positive promotion of degraded vegetation ecosystems to pre-degraded levels in poor habitats, and also avoid resource waste caused by disordered competition and low efficiency among communities. This paper also puts forward the scientific and technical issues on the theories of vegetation restoration and succession in the future.
      2023,43(8):1516-1523    [Abstract](420)    [PDF](164)
    • LI Shan1,2,3*, LIU Xiaojuan1,2,3, MA Keping1,2,3
      Research progress of Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform(BEF-China)
      The relationship between biodiversity and ecosystem functioning(BEF)and the underlying mechanisms have been a hot issue in ecological research. Whereas many BEF studies have focused on grassland ecosystems, relatively few have been conducted in forest ecosystems which account for a large proportion of primary production in the terrestrial ecosystem. Biodiversity-Ecosystem Functioning Experiment China Platform(BEF-China)contains the most tree species with the highest level of diversity in subtropical forests. In this review, we first summarized research progress in BEF-China, and then gave suggestions for future BEF research. The research based on BEF-China mainly focused on the impact of biodiversity on multi-ecosystem functioning, e.g. productivity, nutrient cycling and multi-trophic interaction. We suggest that future studies in BEF-China should strengthen the application of new techniques such as high-throughout sequencing and remote sensing, and continue research on multi-dimensions, multi-components, multi-ecosystem functions, and multi-scales in BEF study. The research progress of BEF-China can help in better understanding the BEF relationships in forest ecosystem, and provide a scientific support for biodiversity conservation and ecological restoration.
      2023,43(8):1524-1536    [Abstract](430)    [PDF](172)
    • LI Lu
      Research progress on diversity of androecium development of Orchidaceae
      Orchidaceae is the most diverse family of angiosperms. The development of androecium varied greatly at the subfamily level, which has been a research focus of speciation and adatptive pollination biology. Progress on the development of androeceum in Orchidaceae was summarized according to a survey of literature. The results were as follows:(1)It was suggested that evolutionary trends on the decreasing number of fertile stamens was parallel with the increasing degree of coherence of pollens in the pollen dispersal units, which was present in the updated classification of Orchidaceae.(2)The reduced number of stamens and their functional differentiation would be related with the loss, delay, sub-fusion, sub-divsion of stamen primordia during the ontogeny of gynostemium in Orchidaceae.(3)Significant differences of the ultrastructural pollen existed in the four pollen dispersal units at the levels of taxonomic categories of Orchidaceae, including dry pollen, sticky pollen, sectile pollinium, and hard pollinium, which contains great implications of classifications.(4)Pollen may be dispersed in monads or grouped in pollen dispersal units by following three viscous substances(pollenkitt, elastoviscin, cohesion strands)derived from the tapetum.(5)Three main types of sectile pollinia in Orchidoideae were recognized based upon form and arrangement of massulae. Meanwhile, different numbers and varied morphology of pollinia in Epidendroideae were produced by the different numbers and orientations of sterile septum differentiated in the microsporangium during the early anther development based on anatomic evidence.(6)Some embryological features during anther development were diverse at the different categories, including the number of thecae, the type of anther wall development, the nuclei numbers of tapetum, the pattern of cytokinesis, the varied arrangements of microspore tetrads, and the nuclei number of pollens, which could provide a better understanding of taxonomy and evolution of Orchidaceae. However, considering the large number of orchid species, research data available seemed to be very limited. And then, it is necessary to clarify such fascinating questions as functional differentiation and developmental patterns of stamens and staminods, formation mechanisms for varied pollen dispersal units, and diverse embryological features of anther development. Therefore, much more efforts should be taken for the development of androecium in Orchidaceae, including expansive investigation of materials to be observed, using multidisciplinary technical methods, and rivising the common terminology of orchid floral morphology.
      2023,43(8):1537-1552    [Abstract](477)    [PDF](215)

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